BRAZIL. 



77 



color or degree is any longer born to slavery. 

 Tin- sl:iv-s belonging to or employed by the 

 rnment, or in the service of the imperial 

 hmi-ehold, were declared free on the day on 

 wliirli the abolition law was promulgated. 

 Tin- rural establishment of Sao Pedro de Al- 

 cantara, in the province of Piauhy, was pre- 

 piired as a place of refuge for a portion of the 

 >Inves, who entered immediately upon the en- 

 joyment of freedom, and they are there em- 

 pin vod as laborers in the national demesne, 

 and their children, born since the proclama- 

 tion of the law, are reared in an institute spe- 

 cially devoted to that purpose and in charge 

 of a director, a female teacher for the primary 

 branches of education, and a priest for their 

 moral and religious instruction. For the slaves 

 owned by private individuals a special eman- 

 cipation fund has been formed, to be applied 

 yearly for the purchase of their freedom, 

 agreeably to the regulations published in 1871.* 

 The sums appropriated for that fund in the 

 fiscal years 1871 and 1875 amounted to $2,804,- 

 212; to which should be added the special ap- 

 propriations in the several provinces, and dona- 

 tions from private philanthropists, from M'hom 

 a large number of slaves receive their freedom 

 every year. 



The number of emancipated slaves from the 

 end of 1871 to the commencement of 1876 was 

 6,000 ; and that of the children born of slave 

 mothers since the law of abolition was issued, 

 64,000. 



Naturalization is at present easily obtain- 

 able in Brazil, the only qualification required 

 being a residence of two .years within the em- 

 pire, or of a like period abroad in the service 

 of the Brazilian Government, and the evident 

 intention of the applicant to remain in the 

 country, or in its service, after he has become 

 a citizen. 



One of the chief necessities of the country 

 being an increased population, special efforts 

 are made by the Government for the accom- 

 plishment of that end. Among other induce- 

 ments and privileges offered to immigrants t 

 are the following : 



t The payment by the Government of the difference 

 iq the amount of passage-money from the port of 

 departure to the United States and that to Brazil ; 

 the advancement of the full passage-money to fam- 

 ilies intending to settle in the government colonies ; 

 exemption from import duty on all effects the prop- 

 erty of and brought into the country by the immi- 

 grants ; a hunting-gun given to each adult ; etc., 

 etc. 



There were in 1875 fifteen colonies immedi- 

 ately dependent upon the central Government, 

 with a population of 23,018, against 16,412 in 

 1878 ; about a dozen others founded under the 

 auspices of provincial governments, and a num- 

 ber belonging to private companies, some of 

 whom, however, receive subsidies from the na- 



See ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1872. 

 JtSee ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA for 1872, 1878, 1874, and 

 1875. 



tional Government. Though many of the colo- 

 nies are in a prosperous condition, the Brazilian 

 system of immigration has not hitherto been 

 attended with so good results as that of the 

 Argentine Republic. It would appear that the 

 immigrants who fare worst in Brazil are those 



BALSAM COPAIBA. 



proceeding from the United Kingdom. In the 

 second half of 1876, the British Emigration 

 Commissioners were desired, by the Secretary 

 for the Colonies, to give publicity to the fol- 

 lowing further caution to persons desiring to 

 emigrate to Brazil : 



In February, 1875, and again in June of the pres- 

 ent year, the Emigration Commissioners were di- 

 rected by her Majesty's Government to caution 

 emigrants against proceeding to Brazil. It appears, 

 however, by dispatches from her Majesty's minister 

 at Rio de Janeiro, that emigrants have recently ar- 

 rived from this country for the settlement known as 

 Kittoland, in the province of Parana, in Southern 

 Brazil, and that accounts have been received at Rio 

 that those emigrants are in a lamentable condition. 

 Under these circumstances, the Emigration Com- 

 missioners have been directed to repent their caution 

 to persons invited to emigrate to Kittoland or any 

 other settlement in Brazil, to consider well before 

 they do so. Her Majesty's minister at Rio has sent 

 home a statement made by a respectable emigrant, 

 who proceeded to Kittoland in June last, to the 

 effect that, on his arrival at the settlement, he found 

 that it comprised very little table-land, but that 

 there were heavy woods, and that, generally speak- 

 ing, the spot was unfit for habitation. II e added that 

 not a single house had been erected, and that there 

 was no road within twenty miles: that there were 

 at that time ui the settlement but tnree Englishmen, 

 who were living under tents, and that the English 

 emigrants whom he met at Curitiba, on his way to 

 Kittoland, appeared to be in a deplorable condition. 

 This statement was made on oath before her Maj- 

 esty's minister at Rio, and is confirmed by two 

 other British subjects, one of whom states that he 

 had resided at Curitiba for eight years. In the end 

 the emigrant returned to Rio, on his way to this 

 country, having lost by his emigration no less than 

 175 in money, besides the value of tools and other 

 articles he had taken with him. The Emigration 

 Commissioners recommend persons invited to emi- 



