238 DttRINGSFELD, IDA VON. 



EAETH, THE. 



Western and Northern Europe, and many 

 parts of the United States, and the reinvigora- 

 tion of those in China and elsewhere ; while 

 through his plans the annual contributions 

 were increased from $100,000 to $600,000. 

 In 1867 he visited Europe in the interest of 

 missions. Besides numerous contributions to 

 periodical literature, Dr. Durbin published 

 " Observations in Europe, principally in France 

 and Great Britain" (2 vols. 12mo, New York, 

 1844), and " Observations in Egypt, Palestine, 

 Syria, and Asia Minor" (2 vols. 12mo, 1845). 

 DURINGSFELD, IDA vox, a distinguished 

 poetess and writer of romances, born November 

 12, 1815, at Militsch, in Lower Silesia; died 

 October 22, 1876, at Canstatt, Wurtemberg. 

 Her father was a military officer in the Prussian 

 service, but afterward settled on an estate. 

 She enjoyed only limited opportunities for ed- 

 ucation in her youth. She began to write 

 verses in her fifth year. In her fourteenth 

 year she spent a short time at Breslau, where 

 she studied the Italian and English languages. 

 She afterward became distinguished for her 

 talents in mastering the idioms of foreign lan- 

 guages, and using them almost with the facility 

 of a native. Her first poems were published 

 in tne Abendzeitunj, at Dresden, and soon 

 attracted the attention of other journals. In 

 1835, during a residence in Dresden, she be- 

 came acquainted with Tiedge and other dis- 

 tinguished literary men, and secured recog- 

 nition in literary society. She published in 

 Dresden a collection of poems, under the sig- 

 nature of Thekla. This was followed by 

 " Der Stern von Andalusien " (The Star of 

 Andalusia), a collection of romantic poems 

 in 1838, and " Schloss Goczyn" (Castle Go- 

 czyn) in 1841. In 1845 she was married to the 

 Baron Otto von Reinsberg, a gentleman of 

 high literary culture, with whom she resided 

 by turns in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, 

 France, and Belgium. In these countries she 

 made the acquaintance of the people, studied 

 the language, literature, history, and customs, 

 and thereby acquired a diversity of gifts, the 

 evidence of which is shown in her numerous 

 works. The catalogue of her writings em- 



braces: " Skizzen aus der vornehmen "Welt" 

 (Sketches from the World of Quality, 1842- 

 '45), " Count Chala" (1845), " Esther " (1854), 

 " Clotilde " (1855), and " Die Literaten " (The 

 Literati, 1863) romances of society; "Mar- 

 garet of Valois and her Times" (1847), and 

 " Antonio Foscarini " (1850) historical ro- 

 mances ; a volume of poems entitled "Fur 

 Dich " (For Thee, 1855) ; " Amimone, a Fairy 

 Tale in Verse" (1852); "Bohmische Rosen" 

 (Bohemian Roses, 1851) translations from the 

 Czech language ; " Lieder aus Toscana " (Songs 

 from Tuscany, 1855) translations from the 

 Italian ; " Aus Dalmatien " (Out of Dalma- 

 tia, 1855-'57), and "Von der Schelde bis 

 zur Maas " (From the Scheldt to the Meuse, 

 1861) sketches of travel. She and her hus- 

 band together prepared a work, entitled " Das 

 Sprichwort als Kosmopolit " (The Proverb as a 

 Cosmopolite), which was published in 1863. 

 Her husband committed suicide by poison the 

 day after her death. 



DUSSARD, HIPPOLYTE, a French writer on 

 political economy, born September 4, 1798 ; 

 died January 26, 1876. In 1839 he was one of 

 the editors of the Repertoire de VIndustrie 

 fitrangere, which contained a description of 

 all the most important machines invented in 

 foreign countries. Afterward he wrote on 

 economic subjects in the Revue Encyclopedique, 

 the Bulletin de Ferrusac, and the Temps. In 

 1842 he published a work on "The Financial 

 Condition of England, and the Measures pro- 

 posed by the Whigs and the Tories." The 

 following year he became the editor-in-chief 

 of the Journal des J&conomistes, which position 

 he held for three years. He worked with 

 M. Eugene Daire in the revision and annota- 

 tion of the works of Turgot, in the " Collec- 

 tion of the Principal Economists." In 1848 

 he was named prefect of the department of 

 the Seine-Inferieure, and was elected a mem- 

 ber of the Council of State by the Constituent 

 Assembly. Retiring from that body, he was 

 intrusted with a mission to England by M. 

 Dufaure, and, while there, made a particular 

 study of the charitable institutions of that 

 country. 



E 



EARTH, THE. Comparative Statistics. 

 In the ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA of 1875 for the 

 first time there are presented some comparative 

 statistics relating to the area and population 

 of the world. A reference is made to that 

 volume for an account of many statements to 

 which, this year, no later information can be 

 added, especially to an account of former esti- 

 mates of the total population of the globe, be- 

 ginning with Isaac Vossius, who, in 1685, esti- 

 mated it at 500,000,000, and embracing, among 

 others, the estimates of Malte-Brun, Balbi, Von 



Roon, Berghans, Dieterici, and the estimates 

 by Behm and Wagner in the former volumes 

 of the Oeographisches Jahrbuch and the Be- 

 vollcerung der Erde. In the present article we 

 confine ourselves to presenting some compara- 

 tive statistics relating to the earth as a whole 

 which are either later than thoso published 

 last year, or belong to subjects which had not 

 been referred to in the ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA 

 of 1875. 



I. Present Area and Population of the Earth. 

 Behm and Wagner, in volume iv. of their 



