258 



ESQUIROS, HENRI A. 



EUROPE. 



jecting cantilevers outside will be suspended 

 two walks for pedestrians. Upon an upper 

 boom, 15 feet above the street-car track, will 

 be the railway track, and on each side of it a 

 roadway for carriages. The height of the upper 

 floor will be 200 feet above the water. The 

 estimated cost is $5,000,000. The maximum 

 load which the bridge is calculated to bear is 

 12,500 pounds per lineal foot. 



The Gilbert Elevated Railroad Company, 

 after long contentions in the courts, is now 

 in a position to complete its line of elevated 

 steam-railway for rapid transit in New York 

 City. The route is from the Battery, through 

 College Place, West Broadway, South Fifth 

 Avenue, Amity Street, and up Sixth Avenue. 

 Upon some portions of the line the supports 

 have been erected for some time. The struc- 

 ture consists of two rows of iron columns 

 standing in the street, supporting parallel gird- 

 ers, which are connected at intervals by cross- 

 girders, and having longitudinal floor-beams. 

 The outer girders rise above the track so as to 

 be a protection in case of accidents ; the upper 

 surface of their top-beams being on about the 

 same level as the car and landing platforms. 

 The Sixth Avenue columns will be 37 feet 

 apart lengthwise, and 23 feet distant across, 

 from centre to centre. The parts of the col- 

 umns will be two channel-bars, 9 by 2J- by T 5 ff 

 inches; two plates, 12 by ^ inches; a plate 

 fastened to the foot ; and four pieces of angle- 

 iron bars. The girders are pinned trusses, 6 

 feet deep, and 5 feet 6 inches distance between 

 the centres of the pins; the upper and lower 

 chords are composed of two channel - bars, 

 united by iron plates. Each span of the longi- 

 tudinal girder has four panels. The cross- 

 girders are made up of plates, 24 inches deep 

 by T 5 ^ of an inch in thickness. At the junc- 

 tion of Amity Street and Sixth Avenue there 

 will be a curve of 90 feet radius, and at South 

 Fifth Avenue and Amity Street another like 

 curve. Fifty-two feet in a mile will be the 

 steepest grade. In Amity Street, College Place, 

 and West Broadway the posts are to be placed 

 on the sidewalk, and in Sixth and South Fifth 

 Avenues in the roadway. The cross-ties will be 

 19 feet 6 inches long, and will be placed IB inches 

 apart. Outside each line of rails longitudinal 

 timbers will be bolted, letting down upon the 

 cross-ties on the outside. The total load which 

 the structure is calculated to support is 15,000 

 pounds per foot on each track. The stations 

 will be situated at the intersections of streets 

 to the number of two per mile. The station- 

 platforms will be level with the car-floors, and 

 160 feet at least in length. The station-build- 

 ings will have iron frames, and will be roofed 

 and sided with galvanized sheets of corrugated 

 iron. The tracks are of steel, weighing 56 

 pounds per yard. 



ESQUIROS, HENRI ALPHONSE, a French 

 writer and politician, born in 1814; died May 

 14, 1876. In 1834 he made his debut as a 

 writer with a volume of poems, entitled "Les 



Hirondelles," which attracted but little atten- 

 tion. This was followed by two novels, "Le 

 Magicien" (1837), and "Charlotte Corday " 

 (1840). At the same time he published, under 

 the title of " Evangile duPeuple" (1840), a 

 philosophical and radical commentary on the 

 life of Jesus, for which he was sentenced to 

 eight months' imprisonment and a fine of 500 

 francs. During his imprisonment he wrote 

 another volume of poems, " Les Chants d'un 

 Prisonnier," and 1841-'42 published three 

 small socialistic works. After the Revolution 

 of 1848 he was elected to the Legislative 

 Assembly from the department of Saone-et- 

 Loire. Having made himself prominent by 

 radical views, he was among those deputies 

 who were expelled after December 2, 1851, 

 when he went to England. In 1869, having 

 returned to France, he was elected to the 

 Corps Legislatif from the department Bouches- 

 du-Rhone, where he sat on the extreme Left. 

 After September 4, 1870, he administered for 

 a time the department of Bouches-du-Rhone, 

 but, having disagreed with the Government at 

 Tours, he was removed from office. In 1871 

 he was elected to the National Assembly, and 

 in 1876 a Senator from Bouches-du-Rhone, 

 taking his place on both occasions with the 

 extreme Left. Besides the works mentioned 

 above, he wrote " L'Histoire des Monta- 

 gnards" (1847), " L'Enule flu XIX me Siecle," 

 " La Vie future au Point de Vue socialiste " 

 (1857), "La Vie des Animaux," etc. 



EUROPE. The area of Europe, according 

 to the latest dates (see Behin and Wagner, Be- 

 volkerung der Erde, iv., Gotha, 1876), was 

 estimated at 3,823,378 square miles (against 

 3,824,456 in 1875), and the aggregate popula- 

 tion at 309,178,000, against 302,972,000 in 1875. 

 The transfer of 6.59 square miles from Switz- 

 erland to Italy has changed the area of these 

 two countries, and new calculations have been 

 made for several other countries. Gains of 

 population are found chiefly in Germany, and 

 in Austro-Hungary, the Netherlands, Luxem- 

 burg, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, 

 Belgium, Great Britain, Portugal, Italy, Rou- 

 mania, and Servia, where new estimates were 

 substituted. The figures of 1875 and 1876 

 compare as follows : 



The area and population of the divisions of 

 Europe were, at the latest dates, as follows : 



