282 FERRARI, GIUSEPPE. 



FINANCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



1836-'39, 6 vols.), was crowned with a prize 

 by the Hungarian Academy. The same dis- 

 tinction he received for his " Statistics of 

 Hungary" (Pesth, 1842-'49, 3 vols.), which 

 simultaneously appeared in a German edition, 

 and for his " General Hand and School Atlas " 

 (1845), all of which works were published in 

 the Magyar language. Subsequently he pub- 

 lished, under the title " Description of Hun- 

 gary " (Pesth, 1847, 2 vols.), an abridgment of 

 his larger statistical works. In 1837 Fenyes 

 became a member of the Hungarian Academy, 

 in 1848 chief of the statistical section in the 

 Hungarian Ministry of the Interior, and 1839 

 President of the Military Court of Pesth. In 

 consequence of his moderate attitude during 

 the Hungarian Revolution, after its suppression 

 he was not persecuted by the Austrian Gov- 

 ernment. After that time he lived partly in 

 Pesth, and partly in his villa in Godollo, de- 

 voting his whole time to the compilation of a 

 geographical dictionary. 



FERRARI, GIUSEPPE, an Italian philosophi- 

 cal writer, born in 1812 at Milan ; died there, 

 on July 2, 1876. He studied in Pavia, and then 

 as the heir of a large fortune devoted himself 

 entirely to his studies. He began his career 

 as an author with an essay on his teacher Ro- 

 magnosi in the " Biblioteca Italiana," and with 

 an edition of the complete works of Vico, 

 which he accompanied with an explanatory 

 volume. Owing to the reactionary state of 

 Italy, he went to France, and after that pub- 

 lished most of his works in French. Among 

 his works of this period are " Vico et 1'Italie " 

 (1839), u De 1'Erreur" (1840), and "De Reli- 

 giosis Campanellse Opinionibus" (1840). In 

 1840 he was appointed Professor of Philosophy 

 in the University of Strasburg, but was re- 

 moved after a fortnight, as his opponents had 

 succeeded in representing his teachings as 

 communistic. The lectures that gave rise to 

 these charges he published under the title of 

 "Idees sur la Politique de Platon et d'Aris- 

 tote " (1842). He also received appointments 

 in other universities of France, but everywhere 

 for a short time only, as his liberal ideas made 

 him obnoxious. One of his most important 

 works appeared at this time, " Essai sur le 

 Principe et les Limites de la Philosophie de 

 THistoire" (1843). In 1848 he returned to 

 Milan, but he was soon forced to leave again 

 for France. There he wrote "Machiavel, Juge 

 des Revolutions de notre Temps," and "Les 

 Philosophes salaries" (1849), and his most im- 

 portant work as characterizing his own po- 

 litical views, '' Filosofia della Rivoluzione " 

 (1851 ; second editition, 1873). His political 

 views he laid down in " La Federazione republi- 

 cana " (1859). After the War of 1859 he again 

 returned to Italy, and was elected by his native 

 town a deputy to the Italian Parliament. From 

 this time on he remained in Italy, with the 

 exception of a short period in 1860, when he 

 went to Paris to have his work " Histoire de 

 laRaison d'Etat " printed. He was reflected to 



Parliament every year, where he was known 

 as a brilliant orator. In politics he was a de- 

 cided federalist, opposing the policy of an- 

 nexation of Count Cavour. Besides the works 

 mentioned above, he wrote " La Chine et 1'Eu- 

 rope, et leur Histoire et leurs Traditions com- 

 parees " (1867), '' Storia della Rivoluzione 

 d'ltalia " (3 vols., 1871-'73), and " Teoria dei 

 Periodi politic!" (1874). 



FINANCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 

 The financial affairs of the country contin- 

 ued through the year 1876 without change. 

 There was not only a lack of any improve- 

 ment, but the effects of the general stagnation 

 began to manifest themselves in quarters least 

 anticipated. Wherever there was a large in- 

 debtedness requiring the payment of heavy in- 

 stallments of interest which were to be derived 

 from income earned, embarrassment or insol- 

 vency generally ensued. 



In the annual report of the Secretary of the 

 Treasury, made December, 1875, there were 

 presented a statement of the receipts and ex- 

 penditures of the Government for the first 

 quarter of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1876, 

 and an estimate of the same for the remaining 

 three-quarters of the fiscal year. 



The receipts of the first quarter above men- 

 tioned, ending on September 30, 1875, which 

 is the first quarter of the fiscal year ending 

 June 30, 1876, were as follows: 



Customs $44,288,626 25 



Internal revenue 28,li)9,723 50 



Sales of public lands ' 808,641 78 



Tax on circulation, etc., of national banks.. 8,626,033 88 



Repayment of interest by Pacific Railways. 262,202 87 



Customs' fines, etc 28,521 75 



Consular, patent, and other fees 510,427 19 



Proceeds of sales of Government property.. 104,273 65 



Miscellaneous sources 1,722,408 90 



Net ordinary receipts $78,995,869 67 



Premiums on sales of coin 2,160.275 47 



Total net ordinary receipts $81.156,145 14 



Balance in Treasury, June 80, 1875 144,702,41 6 41 



Total available $225,858,561 55 



The expenditures during the same period 

 were as follows: 



Civil and miscellaneous expenses, including 

 public building's, lighthouses, and collect- 

 ing the revenues 



Indians 



Pensions 



Military establishment, including fortifica- 

 tions, river and harbor improvements, and 

 arsenals 



Naval establishment, including vessels and 

 machinery, and improvements at navy- 

 yards 



Interest on the public debt, including Pacific 

 Railway bonds 



Total ordinary expenditures $84.047,548 76 



Redemption of the public debt 6,338,999 66 



Balance in Treasury, September 80, 1875. . . . 134,972.018 18 



Total $225,858,561 55 



For the remaining three-quarters of the 

 same fiscal year, ending June 30, 1876, it was 

 estimated that the receipts would be as fol- 

 lows: 



$18,678,072 68 

 2,660,474 38 

 8,845.927 64 



11,891,476 26 



7,959,087 99 

 34,517,554 81 



