323 GAUNTLETT, HENRY "J. 



GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS IN 1876. 



GAUNTLET!, HENRY JOHN, Mus. Dr., an 

 English composer of church-music, born in 

 1806 ; died March 4, 1876. He was originally 

 'intended for the church, but afterward chose 

 the law as his profession. As organist of St. 

 Olave's, Southwark, he was one of the first to 

 introduce the new Bach organs. He also direct- 

 ed his attention to the reform of hymn-tunes. 

 He edited the last two parts of the " Psalmist " 

 (1836 -'41), together with Mr. Kearns the 

 " Comprehensive Tune-Book " (1846-'47), and 

 together with Rev. W. J. Blew the " Church 

 Hymn and Tune Book" (1844-'51), which 

 has served as model for nearly every tune- 

 book published since then. He also edited 

 and composed the music in the " Congrega- 

 tional Psalmist " (1851) for the Rev. Dr. Allon, 

 Carlyle's "Manual of Psalmody" (1860), and 

 the chief parts of the "Office of Praise," 

 " Tunes, New and Old," and Harland's " Church 

 Psalter and Hymnal" (1868). He also pub- 

 lished several collections of anthems, songs, 

 and Christmas carols. In 1842 Dr. Howley, 

 Archbishop of Canterbury, conferred on him 

 the honorary degree of Doctor of Music, this 

 being the first time, since the change of religion 

 in the sixteenth century, that a primate has 

 exercised the right of conferring the degree. 



GEGENBAUR, JOSEPH ANTON VON, a Ger- 

 man painter, born in 1800; died January 30, 

 1876. He studied at the Academy at Munich, 

 under R. von Sanger, and during the time 

 painted a St. Sebastian for the church in his 

 native town, "Wangen in Wurtemberg. He con- 

 tinued his studies in Rome from 1823 to 1826, 

 and from 1829 to 1835, furnishing some excel- 

 lent work, particularly in coloring. Among 

 his paintings of this period are the " First Par- 

 ents after the Loss of Paradise," and " Moses 

 drawing Water from the Rock," both of which 

 are at present in the Royal Gallery in Stuttgart. 

 He was devoted to monumental painting, and 

 particularly to fresco-painting, which had just 

 come into fashion at Rome ; but as he could 

 obtain no orders, he decided to paint movable 

 frescoes and encaustic paintings on stone and 

 on linen, in which manner his " Hercules " and 

 "Omphale" were produced. After his return 

 he received an order from the King of Wur- 

 temberg to decorate, together with Gutekunst, 

 the new palace, Rosenstein, with frescoes, the 

 subjects for which were chiefly taken from 

 mythology. Having been appointed court 

 painter in 1835, he decorated a number of 

 halls in the Royal Palace in Stuttgart with 

 frescoes from the history of Wurtemberg. 

 Among his oil-paintings are a " Sleeping Ve- 

 nus and Two Satyrs," a "Leda," several small 

 Venus pictures, and a large altar-painting, a 

 Madonna with the Child, in the church at 

 Wangen. 



GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS AND DIS- 

 COVERY IN 1876. No signal discoveries 

 have marked the past year in geographical an- 

 nals; yet the efforts of scientific explorers have 

 furnished abundant new matter for the con- 

 sideration of thoughtful geographical students. 

 The number of trained and instructed geo- 

 graphical explorers and the number of geo- 

 graphical associations for the organization and 

 support of explorations have increased this 

 year, as they have for many years past, in a 

 rapid ratio. The British Arctic Expedition, 

 which engaged the hopes and thoughts of the 

 geographical world, returned only to report 

 that the Northern Atlantic route is absolutely 

 and hopelessly impassable. Africa is now full 

 of travelers who are pressing into the interior 

 from all sides, equipped and provisioned for 

 long campaigns, and sometimes leading verita- 

 ble armies to protect them from the unfriend- 

 ly and cruel natives ; while many of the most 

 implacable of the African tribes have learned 

 to tolerate and even assist European travelers. 

 New Guinea is being explored from every 

 coast, and new wonders have been revealed in 

 that strange island. Northern and Central 

 Asia have been visited and traversed in new 

 regions and new directions. The survey of 

 the Territories is progressing at a respectable 

 pace. The publication of new works of travel 

 and geography this year has been extraordi- 

 narily large. Several new geographical socie- 

 ties have been established, including four or 

 five national societies. 



NECROLOGY. Carl Ernst von Baer, the dis- 

 tinguished biologist and ethnologist, died at 

 Dorpat, November 29th, aged eighty-four. His 

 contributions to geography embraced several 

 important treatises on the physical conforma- 

 tion of the earth, on the navigability of the 

 arctic seas, on the steppes of Southern Russia, 

 etc., and an account of a voyage of exploration 

 to the island of Nova Zembla. 



Louis A. Lucas, who went to Africa last June 

 with the intention of penetrating to the Congo 

 by way of Zanzibar, was prostrated by fever, 

 and after repeated attacks died on the way 

 home near Jeddah, on the Red Sea, at the age 

 of twenty-five. 



Theodor von Heuglin, a member of the Ger- 

 man expedition of 1861-'62 to Soodan, and 

 other important expeditions, and author of 

 valuable treatises on the geography and natural 

 history of Eastern Africa, died in November. 



Constantine Vladimirovitch Chefkin, a Rus- 

 sian statesman and savant, who occupied the 

 position of Minister of Public Works, and con- 

 tributed to the transactions of the Russian 

 Geographical Society a fruitful treatise on the 

 mineral resources of the country, died at Nice 

 in November, 1875. 



