GREEK CHURCH. 



GUATEMALA. 



performed, with special ceremonies, in connection 

 with the divine liturgy. 



( >t li.-r persons ttei ving in the Church ( readers, etc.) 

 do nut form u j-urt of the Church hierarchy. 



Tlio supreme authority to which every bishop, 

 jiricst, and deacon \t> Kub'ject, and which cxuniiiir 

 ii!'" and decides the special and most important 

 tttluirs fonin-i-tfii with the Faith und the Church, tor 

 us Orthodox, is the Holy Governing Synod. This 

 consists of most worthy bishops and honored 

 I>rh'.-t>. 



The members of the Synod are appointed thereto 

 by the Emperor. 



In Austria proper there is one ecclesiastical 

 province, with a metropolitan at Czernowitz, 

 and two bishops in the Bukowina and Daltnatia. 

 There were besides, in 1870, 316 parishes, two in 

 Vienna, three in the Littoral, 219 in the Buko- 

 wina, and 92 in Dalmntia. The number of the 

 secular clergy, together with the candidates for 

 the priesthood, was 433, of whom three were 

 in Vienna, nine in the Littoral, one in Galicia, 

 292 in the Bukowina, and 128 in Dalmatia. 

 The number of monasteries was 14, three in the 

 Bukowina, and 11 in Dalmatia, together with 

 85 members belonging to them. In the lands 

 of the Hungarian crown there are two ecclesi- 

 astical provinces, of which one with a metro- 

 politan atCarlowitz is for the Servian, and the 

 other with a metropolitan at Hermannstadt is 

 for the Roumanian nationality. The Church 

 in the entire monarchy is ruled by an Episcopal 

 Synod, the Emperor having the chief superin- 

 tendence. The bishops of each province form 

 a synod under the presidency of the metro- 

 politan. The Episcopal Synod for the entire 

 monarchy comprises all the bishops, the Metro- 

 politan of Carlowitz presiding. The latter 

 bears the title of patriarch, and in ecclesiasti- 

 cal affairs all the bishops of the empire are 

 subordinate to him. In each of the three 

 provinces church congresses are occasionally 

 held, consisting of the bishops and represent- 

 atives of the clergy and laity. In the admin- 

 istration of his diocese every metropolitan, 

 archbishop, and bishop, is assisted by a con- 

 sistory. The number of inhabitants connected 

 with the Greek Church in Austro-Hungary, 

 according to the census of 1869, was 3,050,830, 

 of whom 461,511 were in Austria proper, and 

 2,589,319 in Hungary. 



In Turkey the ecclesiastical power is vested 

 in the (Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 

 and the Holy Synod. The latter consists of 

 the four metropolitans who carry the patri- 

 archal seal, and of from six to eight other 

 metropolitans who are called by the patriarchs; 

 but all the Greek bishops who are present in 

 Constantinople can take part in its delibera- 

 tions. The national churches of Roumania, 

 Servia, and Bulgaria, are dependent upon the 

 Patriarch of Constantinople in doctrinal mat- 

 ters, but are otherwise independent. In each 

 of these three countries the ecclesiastical 

 power in in the hands of a synod, which in 

 Servia consists of the bishops, and in Rouma- 

 nia and Bulgaria of the bishops and arch- 

 bishops. 



Some years ago the Bulgarian Church under- 

 took to resume its ancient autonomy, and 

 while the movement was favored by th 

 ernment of Turkey, and not discountenanced 



by the Russian Church, tin- Greek Chun-),. 

 nounced the Bulgarians as schismatics or even 

 heretics. There have been for some time past 

 symptoms of a reconciliation. A mixed com- 

 mission in 1876 came to an understanding, and 

 submitted to the Patriarchate of Constantino- 

 ple a scheme for a concordat. On November 

 5th, a commission met in Constantinople to con- 

 sider the question, How shall those who have 

 been ordained among schismatics be received, 

 when they return to their mother-church ? Tliis 

 meeting was supposed to have particular refer- 

 ence to the Bulgarian question. 



The venerable Patriarch of Jerusalem, Cyril, 

 after presiding most worthily in that see for 

 twenty-seven years, was, in 1872, deposed from 

 his office, and even excommunicated as a 

 schismatic, by the Synod of Jerusalem, because 

 differing from them in regard to the Bulgarian 

 question. This decree was annulled by the 

 synod in 1876. 



GRUPPE, OTTO FEIEDHICH, a German phi- 

 losopher, poet, and archaeologist, born April 

 15, 1804; died January 7, 1876. He attended 

 the gymnasium in his native town, Dantzic, 

 and afterward studied philosophy, natural 

 sciences, and the old German language and 

 literature. His literary labors, particularly his 

 art reviews, brought him in connection with the 

 Allgemeine Preussisclie Staattzeitvng. In 1842 

 and 1843 he had an appointment in the min- 

 istry of Ecclesiastical and Educational Affairs, 

 was appointed Extraordinary Professor of Phi- 

 losophy in Berlin in 1843, and Life Secretary 

 of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in 1868. 

 As a philosopher he was a decided opponent 

 of Hegel, while as a poet he showed .particu- 

 lar talent for epic poetry. He wrote " Arindne, 

 die tragische Kunst der Griechen in ihrer Ent- 

 wickelung und ihrem Zusammenhange mit 

 der Volkspoesie" (1854); "Dieromische Ele- 

 gie ; " " Ueber die Theogonie des Hesiod ; " 

 and "Minos." 



GUATEMALA (REPfJBUCA DE GUATEMALA), 

 one of the five independent republics of Cen- 

 tral America, extends from 18 50' to 18 15' 

 north latitude, and from 88 14' to 98 12' 

 west longitude. Its boundaries are, on the 

 north, the Mexican State of Chiapas; on the 

 east, British Honduras and the Caribbean Si- a : 

 on the south, the republics of Honduras and 

 San Salvador; and on the southwest, the Pa- 

 cific Ocean. 



No further progress has been made during 

 the past year in the negotiations relating to 

 the district of Peten, claimed by Mexico.* 



The President of the Republic is Lieutenant- 

 General Rafino Barrios, elected May 7, 1878 ; 

 and the cabinet is made up of the following 



* Minute details concerning the territorial division area, 

 and population of Guatemala may be found In the ASNV AL 

 CYCLOPEDIA for 167&. 



