478 LITERATUKE, ENGLISH. 



LOCOMOTIVE, COMPRESSED-AIR. 



Burnaby; "The Shores of Lake Aral," by 

 Major Herbert Wood, R. E. ; " Clouds in the 

 East: Travels and Adventures on the Perso- 

 Turkoman Frontier," by Valentine Baker ; and 

 " The Crimea and Transcaucasia," by J. Buchan 

 Telfer, R. N. Of Oceanic explorations we no- 

 tice ''Pearls of the Pacific," by J. W. Bod- 

 dam-Whethan ; " The South Pacific," by Rev. 

 W. Wyatt Gill ; " Discoveries and Surveys in 

 New Guinea and the D'Entrecastereaux Isl- 

 ands," by Captain J. Moseby ; and " Yachting 

 in the Arctic Seas," by James Lament. Com- 

 ing nearer home : " Rambles and Studies in 

 Greece," by J. P. Mahaffy ; " Historical and 

 Architectural Sketches, chiefly Italian," by E. 

 A. Freeman; "The Balearic Islands," by 

 Charles T. Bidwell ; " Holidays in the Tyrol," 

 by Walter White ; " The Great Divide : Travels 

 on the Upper Yellowstone," by the Earl of 

 Dunraven ; "German Home Life;" "Dutch 

 Guiana," by W. G. Palgrave; and among cir- 

 cumnavigators, " Over the Sea and Far Away : 

 Narrative of Wanderings round the World," 

 by T. W. Hinchliff, President of the Alpine 

 Club, are noticeabe. 



In Science and Philosophy, the most striking 

 work that has appeared is Mr. A. R. Wallace's 

 " Geographical Distribution of Animals ; " an 

 " Introduction to Animal Morphology," by 

 Alexander Macalister; LordAmberly's "Analy- 

 sis of Religious Belief," a work of personal in- 

 terest rather than of philosophical value ; two 

 other posthumous books : " Fragments on 

 Ethical Subjects," by the late George Grote; 

 "Thoughts on Art, Philosophy, and Religion, 

 from the Unpublished Papers of Sydney Do- 

 bell ;" Darwin's "Movements and Habits of 

 Climbing Plants ; " Prof. E. R. Lancaster's 

 " History of Creation ; " not to mention the 

 numerous compilations intended to popularize 

 science. Of original works in theological sci- 

 ence the number is small. Dr. F. J. A. Hort's 

 " Two Dissertations : 1. OnMONOI'ENHS 6EOS 

 in Scripture and Tradi- 

 tion. 2. On the Constan- 

 tinopolitan Creed and 

 other Eastern Creeds ; " 

 an essay in reply to " Su- 

 pernatural Religion," en- 

 titled "The Gospels in 

 the Second Century," 

 by W. Sanday; a piece 

 of recondite Biblical in- 

 vestigation, "The Miss- 

 ing Fragment of the 

 Latin Translation of the 

 Fourth Book of Esdras," 

 by R. L. Bensley ; Prin- 

 cipal Tulloch on "The 



Christian Doctrine of Sin ; " the Bampton 

 Lectures of Bishop Alexander, on "The Wit- 

 ness of the Psalms to Christ and Christianity ; " 

 and the remarkable "University Sermons of 

 Rev. J. B. Mozley, D. D., are among the chief. 



MISCELLANEOUS. Of classical essays, Mr. 

 Gladstone's " Homeric Synchronism," and 



Prof. Jebb's " Attic Orators," deserve par- 

 ticular notice ; as well as Mr. Leslie Stephen's 

 second series of " Hours in a Library ; " Mr. 

 J. Ormsby's "Stray Papers," and Mr. Alexan- 

 der Schmidt's " Shakespeare Lexicon ; a Com- 

 plete Dictionary of all the English Words, 

 Phrases, and Constructions, in the Works of 

 the Poet." A revised edition of " Chambers's 

 Encyclopaedia " has been published; and the 

 ninth edition of the "Encyclopaedia Britanni- 

 ca " is in process of publication. 



LOCOMOTIVE, COMPRESSED-AIR. In bor- 

 ing a tunnel of any considerable length, re- 

 moval of the rubbish has hitherto been found 

 one of the most difficult parts of the work. 

 The use of steam is out of the question, as it 

 prevents effectual ventilation; while the em- 

 ployment of horses or mules to draw the trucks 

 on which the debris is piled is attended with 

 great expense, and the need of an extra supply 

 of fresh air in the gallery. In the excavation 

 of St. Gothard Tunnel, now going on, machines 

 moved by compressed air have been recently 

 introduced for dragging the trucks, and have 

 proved a marked success. It is well known 

 that compressed air is used to work the perfo- 

 rating machines for boring the tunnel; then, 

 by the employment of compressed-air locomo- 

 tives, ventilation of the galleries is secured, as 

 these machines allow only pure air to escape ; 

 such motors are also more powerful than horses, 

 and effect more rapidly the clearing away of 

 the debris. 



The first attempt to use compressed air for 

 this purpose was made with two ordinary lo- 

 comotives, one at each side of the tunnel; the 

 boilers, in which, of course, there was no wa- 

 ter, being filled with condensed air under a 

 pressure of four atmospheres. This air played 

 the part usually done by steam, passed into 

 slide-valves, entered the cylinders alternately 

 on each face of the pistons, which it set in mo- 

 tion, and then escaped into the atmosphere. 



PIG. 1. 



It is easily seen that, if compressed air were 

 to be employed, it would be indispensable to 

 have a very considerable quantity of it; the 

 boiler of a locomotive, sufficient when it is 

 worked by means of steam constantly produced 

 under the action of heat, was too small to con- 

 tain the quantity of air required for use without 



