480 LOCOMOTIVE, COMPEESSED-AIE. 



LOEQUET, LOUIS M. P. 



are openings m m, that communicate with an- 

 other cylinder <7, which surrounds it to the 

 carne extent, and which is connected with the 

 slide-valve by which the air is distributed, 

 or, more generally, with the space in which 

 this air is to be utilized. On one side moves a 

 piston E, which shuts the cylinder and hinders 

 the escape of the air. This piston carries ex- 

 ternally a shaft F, which supports externally 

 a spiral spring JJ, the force of which is regu- 

 lated by means of a screw. Internally it is 

 connected by another shaft L with a second 

 piston jV, which bears a cylinder M, movable 

 in the interior of the principal pump, and form- 

 ing thus a sort of internal sheath. This sheath 

 presents openings n n, which may coincide ex- 

 actly with those already referred to, and in 

 that case the air passes without difficulty from 

 the reservoir at the point where it is to be 

 employed. But if the sheath is displaced, the 

 openings no longer correspond, there is resist- 

 ance to the passage, and consequently dimi- 

 nution of the quantity of air which flows out, 

 and hence lowering of pressure in the exte- 

 rior cylinder. By making the position of the 

 sheath to vary continuously we may make 

 the pressure of exit constant, notwithstanding 

 the continuous variation at entry. But the 

 apparatus is automatic. In fact, the part of 

 the cylinder B' comprised between the bottom 

 and the piston N communicates by openings 

 pp (which are never covered with the escape- 

 tube of the gas), in such a manner that upon 

 its posterior face the piston N receives the 

 pressure of the air at the moment when it 

 flows, a pressure which it is sought to render 

 constant. The piston E receives on its ante- 

 rior face the action of the spring which can 

 be regulated at pleasure. As to the other 

 faces of the two pistons, they are subjected 

 to equal actions proceeding from the pressure 

 of the air at its entry, actions which thus 

 counteract each other ; -so that the forces which 

 determine the position of the movable system 

 are, on the one hand, the tension of the spring, 

 a constant and determined force, and, on the 

 other hand, the pressure of the flowing air ; 

 and thus equilibrium cannot occur unless the 

 two forces are equal. If the air should flow 

 in too great a quantity, the pressure increases 

 on the posterior face of the piston N, the 

 spring is overcome, and the movable system 

 advances a little toward the left; but then 

 the orifices are partly covered and the flow 

 diminishes. If the pressure then becomes too 

 weak at the exit, the spring in its turn prevails, 

 pushes the sheath toward the right, uncovers 

 the orifices, and consequently a greater quan- 

 tity of air may enter. 



The machines which are now used at the St. 

 Gothard Tunnel, genuine compressed-air loco- 

 motives, are furnished with M. Kibourt's ap- 

 paratus. They consist of the following parts: 

 A sheet-iron reservoir to contain the com- 

 pressed air is mounted on a framework quite 

 like that of steam-locomotives (Fig. 2), and 



carrying glasses, cylinders, distributing appara- 

 tus, etc. The tube for receiving the air carries, 

 within reach of the driver, the automatic valve 

 of M. Kibourt. The screw being easily regu- 

 lated, the air can with certainty be made to 

 issue from the apparatus at a determined press- 

 ure. This air then passes into a small reser- 

 voir (about one-third metre cube), intended to 

 deaden the shocks, which are always produced 

 when the machine is set going or stopped. 

 Lastly, this small reservoir communicates with 

 the cylinders, and the air which reaches them 

 acts in the same manner as steam in ordinary 

 locomotives. 



LONSDALE, HENEY LOWTHER, Earl of, born 

 March 27, 1818; died August 15, 1876. He 

 was educated at Westminster School and 

 Trinity College, Cambridge, at which univer- 

 sity he graduated M. A. in 1835. In 1841 he 

 entered the army as cornet in the First Life- 

 Guards, and retired from the service in 1854. 

 He was Lord- Lieutenant and Gustos Eotulo- 

 rum of Cumberland and Westmoreland, and 

 represented West Cumberland in the House of 

 Commons from 1847 till his accession to the 

 peerage in 1872. Lord Lonsdale was a keen 

 sportsman, keeping a select racing-stud, like 

 his predecessor, and for several years was 

 master of the Cottesmore hounds. He was 

 succeeded by his oldest son, St. George Henry, 

 Viscount Lowther, born October 4, 1855. 



LOEQUET, Louis MICHAEL POLEMOX, a 

 Haytian general, born December 5, 1825 ; died 

 in April, 1876, in defense of the government 

 of President Dominigue. His father was a 

 colonel in the army. After leaving school, 

 Lorquet entered the ranks of the regiment, and. 

 soon after became secretary to General Inginac. 

 After the Eevolution of 1843, when President 

 Boyer fled to Jamaica, young Lorquet attend- 

 ed him, and remained with him till 1845, when 

 he returned to Hayti. He was appointed 

 chief- clerk in the custom - house, but was 

 removed by General Soulouque, and went 

 to reside at Gonaives. In 1849, when Sou- 

 louque was proclaimed Emperor, under the 

 title of Faustin L, through the influence of 

 the Duke de Saint-Louis du Sud, Lorquet was 

 appointed judge at Gonaives. On March 28, 

 1854, he was commissioned public prosecutor 

 for Gonaives. In December, 1858, when the 

 imperial throne was shaken, and Jeffrard be- 

 came President, he appointed Lorquet Chief- 

 Justice, Minister of Instruction, and tempo* 

 rary commander of the republican forces. On 

 the llth of November, 1865, he was made 

 General of the Army, and in 1866 was aide- 

 de-camp of Salnave. Lorquet returned to 

 Hayti from exile in Jamaica on the 8th of May, 

 1868, and took part in the Salnave revolution. 

 On the 13th of May, 1871, he was appointed 

 military commander of the capital city of Port- 

 au-Prince, by President Nissage Saget, which 

 position he filled for several years. He was 

 decorated with the Spanish Order of Isabel 

 la Cat61ica. 



