PONROT, PIERRE G. A. 



PORTUGAL. 



663 



Kriegswesen der Urzcit in seinen Verbindungen 

 und Wechselwirkungen mit dem gleichzeitigen 

 Stiiiits- und Volknleben" (8 parts, 1860-'64). 



PONROY, PIERRE GABRIEL ARTHUR, a 

 French author, bora March 25, 1816 ; died 

 in March, 1876. He took the degree of Bach- 

 dor of Arts in Paris in 1837, studied medicine, 

 and afterward went through a special course 

 of mental discipline. He made his first ap- 

 pearance in literature in 1841, through some 

 sketches in prose and verse, which, however, 

 met with but little favor. A tragedy called "Lo 

 Vieux Consul " was his next effort, but was 

 not successful. He published many pamphlets 

 and feuilletons, and contributed to several re- 

 actionary journals at Paris and at Chateau- 

 roux. In 1854 he presented at the Theatre 

 Francais, in Paris,. "Mirabeau" and "Miner- 

 vine," prose dramas, each in five acts; but the 

 representation of the former was forbidden by 

 the Government, and the death of an actress 

 prevented the representation of the other. In 

 1861 he reopened the Salle des Bouffes, and 

 attempted to produce his plays by a company 

 formed by himself, and presented his play, 

 " The Wedding-Gift," taken from one of his 

 novels, but the attempt was a failure. Among 

 his other works are : " Forms and Colors," 

 "Oriental Legends," "The Roman World," 

 "A Daughter of Monck," and "The Gallo- 

 Roman World." 



PORTUGAL, a kingdom in Southwestern 

 Europe. King, Luiz I., born October 31, 

 1838 ; succeeded his brother, King Pedro V., 

 November 11, 1861 ; married, October 6, 1862, 

 to Pia, youngest daughter of King Victor 

 Emanuel of Italy. Issue of the union are two 

 sons: Carlos, born September 28, 1863, and 

 Alfonso, born July 31, 1865. 



The area and population of Portugal were, 

 according to Pery ("Geographia e Estadistica 

 geral de Portugal," Lisbon, 1875), as follows : 



guese possessions in Asia and Africa (we Behm 

 and Wagner, Betolkerung der Erde, iv., 1876) : 



The area of the Portuguese possessions, as 

 given below, differs over 35,000 square miles 

 from the statements of previous years. This is 

 due to the fact that in Senegambia the area of 

 the Portuguese colonies had been stated to be 

 8,000 square legnas (35,867 square miles). It 

 has been recently found, however, that the Por- 

 tuguese possessions in Senegambia include but 

 very little territory, its area not exceeding 

 twenty-five square miles. The following table 

 shows the area and population of the Portu- 



The following were the gross sums of the 

 budget estimates for the financial year 1876 

 (value expressed in contosand milreis : 1 conto 

 = 1,000 milreis; 1 milreis = $1.08; 5,747:290 

 means 5,747 contos and 290 milreis) : 

 REVENUE. 



1. Direct taxes 5,747 : 290 



2. Register 2.564:480 



8. Indirect taxes 12,615 : 779 



4. National domain 2,689 : 716 



5. Interest on bonds in Public Exchequer 442 : 716 



24,059 : 981 

 EXPENDITURE. 



1. Interest on home and foreign debt 10,570 : 782 



2. Ministry of Finance 8,826 : 571 



3. of Foreign Affairs 258:629 



4. of the Interior 2,018:484 



5. of Worship and Justice 528:010 



6. of War. 8,548:144 



7. of the Navy and Colonies 1,205 : 889 



8. of Public Works 1,428:468 



Total, ordinary 28,464 : 327 



Total, extraordinary (chiefly construction of 

 roads) 1,598 : 400 



25,062 : 727 



The public debt of Portugal dates from the 

 year 1796, when the first loan of 4,000,000 

 milreis was raised. In 1835 it amounted to 

 55,000,000 milreis; in 1875, to 348,601 : 250. 



The movement of shipping in 1873 was as 

 follows : 



The commercial navy of Portugal consisted 

 in 1876 of 575 vessels, of which 39 were 

 steamers. The total length of railways in 

 operation, in October, 1876, was 966 kilome- 

 tres, exclusive of 85 miles of railroads in mines. 



