8A DA BANDEIRA, VISCOUNT. 



SAND, GEORGE. 



713 



If. Tchonbinoff, in a paper on " The Laws of 

 Georgia," showed how the feudal institutions} 

 of tliut country might be made available for 

 the elucidation of the feudal institutions of 

 Europe. 



In the section on Archaeology (8), Prof. 

 Oppert presiding, tlio subjects of Numismatic 

 Epigraphy and kindred topics, and Assyrian 

 Arclci'oliigy and Kgyptology, were considered. 

 Among the numerous papers in other branches 

 of this department presented were one by M. 

 Aspelin, on " The Prehistoric Civilization of the 

 Penni.-in IVopies and their Commerce with the 

 East;" one by M. Camille Rioque, on " Inscrip- 

 tions on the Rocks of Mount Sinai ;" one by 

 M. Lyoutsenke, on " Hebrew Sepulchral Mon- 

 uments found near Sennala, n Peninsula of 

 Tainan." At the final meeting of the congress, 



the general subject of " The Religious and Phil- 

 osophical Syst ems of Eastern Peoples " wa* dis- 

 cusM-d in papers bearing on "Mohammedanism" 

 (Prof, von Mehren), "Chinese Philosophy and 

 Natural Theology" (Kcv. K. J. Etd, Ph. !>., 

 and the Rev. John Chalmers), "Slavonic He- 

 brew Studies" (M. Gorski-Platanotf), "The 

 Biblical and Indian Cosmogonies," etc. (Prof, de 

 Gubematis), "The Chaldean Creation and Del- 

 uge Tablets " (Prof. Oppert), " Aryan Mythol- 

 ogy " (M. M filler, of Moscow), on " Certain 

 Egyptian Funereal Pictures and Hieroglyph- 

 ical Legends " (Prof. Lieblein). In connection 

 with the meeting of the congress, an extensive 

 collection of Siberian, Finnish, Lapp, Tartar, 

 and Buddhist articles, illustrative of the sub- 

 jects discussed, was exhibited in the rooms of 

 the Ministry of the Interior. 



S 



SA DA BANDEIRA, BERNARDO DE SA 

 NAGNEIRA, Viscount, a Portuguese statesman, 

 born in 1796 ; died January 6, 1876. He took 

 an active part in the war against the French, 

 fought in the revolution of 1820 and against 

 the counter-revolution of 1823, and was forced 

 to seek safety in flight after the victory of ab- 

 solutism. He returned after Dom Pedro had 

 granted the charter, and defended the constitu- 

 tional throne, both as a soldier and as a diploma- 

 tist. He distinguished himself particularly in 

 the defense of Oporto, as governor of that city. 

 In November, 1832, he was appointed Minister 

 of the Navy, and at the same time Baron de 

 Bandeira. He was dismissed as minister in 

 May, 1833, was appointed Governor of Peniche 

 in the same year, Governor of Algarve in 1834, 

 and at the close of the war was created a peer 

 of the kingdom. From November, 1835, to 

 April, 1836, he was again Minister of the Navy, 

 took part in the wars between the Chartists 

 and Constitutionals, was the leader of the rising 

 against the Duke of Saldanha in 1836, lost all 

 his titles and dignities, and, after his restora- 

 tion, became one of the leaders of the Oppo- 

 sition in the Cortes From 1856 to 1869 he 

 was on several occasions Minister of War, and 

 President of the Council from July, 1868, to 

 January, 1869, and again in 1870. 



SALDANHA OLIVEIRA E DAUN, JOAO 

 CARLOS, Duke of, a Portuguese statesman, 

 born in Lisbon, November 17, 1791 ; died in 

 London, November 21, 1876. He began his 

 public career during the Peninsular War, on 

 the side of the French ; was captured by the 

 British troops, and sent prisoner to England. 

 From there he went to Brazil, but subsequently 

 returned to Portugal, and in 1828 became Min- 

 ister of Foreign Affairs. In 1826 he was ap- 

 pointed Governor of Oporto, and, under the 

 constitution of Dom Pedro, Minister of War, 

 which position he held until 1827, when he 

 rent to England. Dom Miguel having usurped 



power, Saldanha raised troops agai'ast him, hut 

 they deserted him. In 1832 he landed in Port- 

 ugal with Dom Pedro, and ended the civil 

 war by taking the capital and compelling Dom 

 Miguel to surrender at Evora. In 1835 he be- 

 came Minister of War and President of the 

 Council ; but he soon resigned, and went abroad, 

 where he remained until 1846, when he was 

 recalled by the Queen to form a ministry. In 

 1849 he was overthrown by Costa Cabral, and 

 remained out of power until 1851, when he 

 effected a new revolution, and was again placed 

 at the head of the government till the accession 

 of Dom Pedro V. in 1856. He was minister 

 in Rome from 1862 to 1864, and again from 

 1866 to 1869. In May, 1870, he induced the 

 army to revolt, and thus compelled the King to 

 place him again at the head of the cabinet. 

 The new elections, however, went against him, 

 and he was succeeded, August 30th, by Sa da 

 Bandeira. He was afterward appointed em- 

 bossador at the British court, where he re- 

 mained until his death. 



S A ND, GEORGE, the nom de plume of AMAN- 

 TINE LUCILLE AURORE DUPIN-DUDEVANT, a cele- 

 brated French novelist, was born July 5, 1804; 

 died June 8, 1876. She was descended from 

 the celebrated victor of Fontenoy, Marshal 

 Maurice de Saxe, natural son of Augustus II., 

 King of Poland, and the beautiful Countess 

 Aurora de KOnigsmark. Her grandmother, 

 the natural daughter of the marshal, was mar- 

 ried to Count Horn, a natural son of Louis 

 XV. of France. After his death she married 

 the French nobleman Dupin de Francueil. The 

 only offspring of this marriage was a son, Mao- 

 rice Dupin, who served with distinction in the 

 republican and imperial armies in Italy, where 

 he became acquainted with Sophie Delaborde, 

 the daughter of a dealer in birds, whom he 

 married. One month after his marriage a 

 daughter was born to him, the future George 

 Sand. Through her, her father was able to 



