734 



STATISTICAL CONGRESS, INTERNATIONAL. 



the Padagogium in Halle. In 1836 he received 

 a call as co-rector and professor in the gym- 

 nasium in Oldenburg, where he devoted him- 

 self in his leisure hours to the history, criticism, 

 and explanation of the works of Aristotle, and 

 published, as the fruits of his studies, " Aristo- 

 telia" (2 vols., 1830-'32) and " Aristoteles bei 

 den Romern " (1834). At the same time he 

 contributed a large number of articles to the 

 Hallische JaTirbucJier. In 1852 he went to 

 Berlin, and there married, in 1855, Fanny Le- 

 wald, the celebrated novelist. From this time 

 on he devoted himself exclusively to literature. 

 Among his works are: "Ein Jahr in Italien" 

 (3 vols., 1847-'50; third edition, 1875); "Tor- 

 so, oder Kunst, Kunstler und Kunstwerke der 

 Alten " (2 vols., 1854-'55 ; English translation 

 in the Crayon, New York, 1858-'59) ; "G. E. 

 Lessing, sein Leben und seine Werke " (2 vols., 

 seventh edition, 1873; English translation, Bos- 

 ton, 1866) ; " Bilder aus dem Alterthuin " (4 

 vols., 1863-'66) ; with his wife, " Ein Winter 

 in Rom "(1869; second edition, 1871); "Le- 

 benserinnerungen " (1870, et seq.) ; " Tacitus' 

 Geschichte der Regierung des Kaisers Tiberius 

 ubersetzt und erkliirt" (1871); "Goethe's 

 Frauengestalten " (for Kaulbach's "Goethe- 

 Gallerie;" 2 vols., fifth edition, 1875); and 

 "Tiberius' Leben, Regierung und Charakter" 

 (1874). A collective edition of his works was 

 commenced in Berlin in 1871. 



STATISTICAL CONGRESS, INTERNATION- 

 AL. The International Statistical Congress 

 met at Pesth, Hungary, on the 1st of Sep- 

 tember. It was opened with an address of 

 welco7ne by the Archduke Joseph. Minister 

 Trefort was chosen president of the session ; 

 Archbishop Haynald and Ministerial Council- 

 or Keleti were selected as his deputies, and a 

 number of vice-presidents were named. Por- 

 tugal and Brazil, which had never before par- 

 ticipated in the Congress, were represented at 

 the present meeting. The United States was 

 not represented, for the reason, as was stated, 

 that the American statisticians were engaged 

 with the present Internationa) Exhibition. 

 Secretaries were selected with reference to the 

 use of the German and French languages. 

 Memorials were read of the members of pre- 

 ceding congresses who had died since the last 

 meeting, among whom the most prominent 

 were Quetelet, of Belgium ; S. Brown, of Eng- 

 land; David, of Denmark; Schnake, of Ber- 

 lin ; C. Horn, of Sweden ; L. Wolowski, of 

 France; and the Princess Helena Paulowna, of 

 Russia. On the succeeding days the Congress 

 sat in six sections, for the consideration of the 

 several classes of subjects which were brought 

 before it. 



The first section was devoted to the review 

 of theoretical questions, the statistics of popu- 

 lation, and of large cities. Three papers were 

 read by Konek, of Buda-Pesth ; Jahnson, of 

 St. Petersburg; and Levasseur, of Paris on 

 instruction in statistics. The subject was con- 

 sidered in two directions : with reference, first, 



to the diffusion of a certain measure of statis- 

 tical information ; and second, to the develop- 

 ment of an interest in the collection of statis- 

 tics. Resolutions were adopted recommending 

 a course of statistical instruction in the public 

 schools. The next subject taken up was the 

 basis on which tables of mortality should be 

 constructed. A discussion ensued as to whether 

 the actual and floating population, or only the 

 resident population of cities, afforded the better 

 foundation for accurate calculations on this 

 subject. The representatives of the communal 

 bureaus of thirteen of the larger cities repre- 

 sented in the Congress were formed into a 

 sub-section, for the consideration of special 

 questions of communal statistics. 



The second section was devoted to statistics 

 of justice. Under this head were considered 

 the subjects of crime, and the effect of different 

 methods of punishment and reformation, and 

 the laws in reference to mortgages. On the 

 former point, the section concluded to recom- 

 mend the general introduction of casiers jvdi- 

 ciaires, which should aim to give annual al- 

 phabetical lists of criminals sentenced to im- 

 prisonment, and of those pardoned or dismissed 

 from the prisons, and similar lists of those who 

 are under the care of societies for released 

 prisoners, and of those out on ticket-of-leave ; 

 it also expressed the desire that those con- 

 demned by military courts for non-military 

 offenses should be included in the lists. On 

 the subject of mortgage-laws, the section ad- 

 vised the collection of international statistics 

 of the public records, to ascertain the number 

 and value of the landed estates, the changes 

 made each year in titles and incumbrances, the 

 total amount of incumbrances, and the group- 

 ing of the same, according to the rate of in- 

 terest of the single items. Among the cases 

 of change in title, those occurring through ex- 

 propriation ; among changes in incumbrances, 

 those occurring by inheritance, legacy, etc., 

 were commended to especial consideration. 



The third section was engaged with medical 

 statistics. Under this head were considered 

 epidemics, cholera, and the statistics of disease 

 and of mortality. Papers were read by Petten- 

 kofer and Koranyi, reviewing the report of the 

 Cholera Commission of the German Empire, 

 and the discussions of the International Sani- 

 tary Conference held at Vienna in 1874, and of 

 the Congress of Physicians held at Brussels in 

 1875. The Permanent International Plague- 

 Commission, which will meet next year in Vi- 

 enna, was indicated as the proper medium for 

 the concentration of material on this subject. 

 The preparation of a catalogue of places visited 

 by cholera four times or more since 1831, with 

 an account of the mortality at each, was rec- 

 ommended. The statistics of baths, and of 

 mineral and healing springs, were introduced to 

 the attention of the Congress for the first time 

 in this section. Excluding baths in ordinary 

 waters, the situation, the constituents, whether 

 solid or gaseous, the results of thermometrical 



