TELEPHONE, THE. 



TENNESSEE. 



741 



they vibrated. By this arrangement the mu- 

 sical notes were loudly reproduced at a dis- 

 tance, and when chords were struck, the com- 

 ponent tones were simultaneously sounded by 

 the armature of the receiving telephone. Gal- 

 vanic music, or the production of musical 

 sounds by rapidly magnetizing and demagne- 

 tizing an electro-magnet a sufficient number 

 of times in a second, was the discovery of 

 Page in 1837. It was Prof. Bell who, in 1874, 

 discovered that this effect did not depend en- 

 tirely on the magnetic condition of the iron 

 core, but was due in a measure to the vibra- 

 tions of the insulated copper wire which forms 

 the coil. Telephony depends on the intense 

 vibrations which can.be produced by electrical 

 means around a smooth wire of soft iron. 

 Telephonic effects can be produced by three 

 different kinds of currents: intermittent, pul- 

 satory, undulatory. Intermittent currents are 

 characterized by the alternate presence and 

 absence of electricity in the circuit ; the pulsa- 

 tory current is marked by sudden changes in 

 the intensity of the current ; and the undu- 

 latory current is marked by gradual changes 

 of intensity, analogous to the changes in the 

 density of air produced by the vibrations of a 

 pendulum. At first, the attempts to transmit 

 words were not entirely successful ; although 

 the vowel sounds were perfectly rendered, the 

 consonants were very indistinct. This was not, 

 however, uniformly the case, and sometimes a 

 whole sentence could be reproduced with start- 

 ling naturalness. These defects have now 

 been overcome, so that long dispatches can be 

 sent, and have been sent, fifty miles and fur- 

 ther, in which every word was instantly recog- 

 nizable. 



The completest and most satisfactory exper- 

 iments yet made were those of Prof. Graham 

 A. Bell, at Salem, on the 13th of February of 

 this year (1877), and of E. P. Gray, at Chicago, 

 on the 27th of the same month. At Salem, on 

 the occasion of a lecture by Prof. Bell upon 

 the telephone, to illustrate its powers, he had 

 several messages transmitted back and forth 

 from Boston, 20 miles away; the dispatches 

 from Boston were distinctly heard by the au- 

 dience; several questions and answers were 

 interchanged, and not only could the words be 

 distinguished, but coughing and singing in the 

 Boston office were audible in the lecture-hall, 

 and the applause which greeted the messages 

 was distinctly heard at Boston. The experi- 

 ments at Chicago were not less remarkable. 

 Musical airs were played on an instrument con- 

 nected with the telephone at Milwaukee, which 

 is distant about eighty-five miles from Chicago, 

 and clearly heard throughout a considerable hall 

 in the latter place. These experiments also 

 were conducted for the purpose of illustrating 

 a lecture. Prof. Gray's apparatus consisted of 

 fifteen boxes on which were stretched musical 

 strings connected with the telegraphic instru- 

 ment; a stringless violin hung upon a long 

 wire, acting as a sound-box. A dozen or more 



tunes played upon the organ at the Milwaukee 

 end were perfectly audible to the large au- 

 dience. 



TELLKAMPF, JOHANN LUDWIO, a German 

 scholar, born January 28, 1808; died February 

 10, 1876. Having emigrated to the United 

 States in 1838, he received an appointment in 

 the same year as Professor of Political Econ- 

 omy in Harvard College, and in 1843 in Colum- 

 bia College, New York, but in 1846 returned to 

 Germany as professor in Breslau. In 1848 he 

 was elected to the Frankfort Parliament, in 

 1849 to the Prussian Chamber of Deputies, in 

 1855 to the Herrenhaus, and in 1871 to the 

 first German Reichstag. Together with Potter, 

 he wrote " Political Economy " (New York, 

 1840) ; with his brother Theodore " Ueber die 

 Besserungsgefangnisse in Nord-Amerika und 

 England" (1844); "Essays on Law Reform 

 and Commercial Policy " (1869) ; " Ueber Ar- 

 beiterverha'ltnisse und Erwerbsgenossenschaf- 

 ten in England und Nord-Amerika" (1870); 

 and " Selbstverwaltung und Reforme der Ge- 

 meinde und Kreisordnungen in Preussen, und 

 Self-government in England und Nord-Amer- 

 ika" (1872). 



TENNESSEE. In March, 1875, the Legis- 

 lature of Tennessee created a department of 

 Agriculture, Statistics, and Mines, and Colonel 

 J. B. Killebrew was appointed a commissioner 

 to take charge of it. During the twenty-one 

 months following he performed an immense 

 amount of labor in examining into the mineral 

 and agricultural resources of the State, and dis- 

 seminating information thereon. He has pre- 

 pared and published the following special re- 

 ports : 



1. " Report on the Little Sequatchie Coal- 

 field," comprising 40 pages. 



2. " Report on the Ocoee and Hiawassee Min- 

 eral District," comprising 67 pages. 



3. " Agricultural and Mineral Wealth of Ten- 

 nessee," comprising 196 pages. 



4. " Report on the Region of Country lying 

 on the Cincinnati Southern and Knoxville & 

 Ohio Railways," comprising about 150 pages. 



The " Report on Agriculture and Mineral 

 Wealth " is an abridgment of a larger work of 

 nearly 1,200 pages, entitled " The Resources of 

 Tennessee." Besides these, Colonel Killebrew 

 has prepared a treatise of 120 pages on "To- 

 bacco and its Culture in Tennessee," a pamphlet 

 of 40 pages on " Sheep-husbandry and Stock- 

 growing " in the State, and a tabular statement 

 of the ' Manufacturing and Mining Interests 

 of the Commonwealth," showing the amount 

 of capital invested, number of hands employed, 

 the wages paid, and the amount of annual pro- 

 duction. This last work had not been issued 

 at the close of the year, but was ready for the 

 press. These various pamphlets and reports 

 have been accompanied by maps, and about 

 14,000 copies of them have been distributed. 

 In addition to these published results of his 

 labor, the commissioner has made a collection 

 of 739 classified specimens of minerals and 



