TURKEY. 



753 



the yearly contingent would amount to about 

 87,500 men. The irregular troops consist of 

 the gerudarme*, the 15:i-ilii-Ha/.oiiks, Sp.-iliis, 

 Bedouins, and other volunteer corps, together 

 about 50.000 men. The auxiliary troops are 

 composed of contingents furnished by the prov- 

 inces not yet subject to the nizam (active 

 army) and the tributary states, and amount to 

 about 80,000 men. In time of peace the army 

 would number 157,667 men and 26,040 horses. 



The TurkMi Navy consisted, in 1874, of 19 

 large iron-clads, carrying 120 guns; 17 screw- 

 steamers, lit' ti-W guns; and about 80 other 

 steamers: total, 150 steamers, carrying about 

 1,600 guns. The navy was manned by 30,000 

 sailors and 4,000 marine troops. The crews 

 are raised in the same manner as the land- 

 forces, partly by conscription and partly by 

 voluntary enlistment. The time of service in 

 the Navy is eight years. 



The total length of railroads in operation in 

 1875 was 1,580 kilometres (1 kilometre = 0.62 

 mile) in Europe, and 274 kilometres in Asia. 

 The length of telegraph-lines, in 1874, was 28,- 

 038, and of the wires 46,730 kilometres. The 

 number of offices was 393, and the number of 

 dispatches sent and received 910,130. 



ROUMANIA. The Turkish dependency of 

 Roumania was, in 1875, governed by Prince 

 Charles I., son of the late Prince Charles of 

 Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen. Prince Charles 

 was born April 20, 1839; elected Prince of 

 Roumania, May 10, 1866; married, November 

 15, 1869, to Elizabeth, Princess of Nenwied. 

 A new ministry was formed on July 24, 1876, 

 which was composed as follows : Presidency of 

 the Ministry and Finance, J. 0. Bratiano; 

 War, Colonel J. Staniceano; Foreign Affairs, 

 N". Jonesco ; Justice, E. Statesco ; Public In- 

 struction and Worship, J. Chitzu; Agriculture, 

 Commerce, and Public Works, D. Sturdza. 

 The area is 46,795 square miles. The popula- 

 tion was, at the close of 1873, estimated nt 

 5,073,000, of whom 2,618,136 were males and 

 2,454,864 females. The movement of popula- 

 tion from 1870 to 1873 was as follows : 



The great majority of the people (4,529,000) 



belong to the Greek Oriental Church. The 



"ioman Catholics number about 114,200; the 



'rotestants, 13,800; the Armenians, 8,000; 



the Lipowans, 6,000; the Israelites, 400,000; 



"10 Mohammedans, 2,000. 



About 85 per cent, of the population belong 

 to the Roumanian nationality. Of non-Rou- 

 anians, there are about 400,000 Israelites, 

 |,000 Gypsies, 85,000 Slavi, 39,000 Germans, 

 9,500 Hungarians, 8,000 Armenians, 5,000 

 Greeks, 2,000 French, 1,000 Englishmen, 500 

 VOL. xvi. 48 A 



Italians, 2,700 Turks, Poles, Tartars, and 

 others. A recent Roumanian writer, Cretzu- 

 lesco, " La Roumanie consideree sous le Rap- 

 port physique, adminiHtratif et econoraique," 

 in the Bulletin de la Societe Geograpliitjue 

 Roumain* (N'os. 1-5, Bucharest, 1876), esti- 

 mates the population belonging to the Rou- 

 manian nationality in other countries as fol- 

 lows: Hungary, 1,171,000; Transylvania, 

 1,500,000; other countries of Austro-Hungary, 

 860,100; Servia and Turkey, 1,600,000; Rus- 

 sia, especially in Bessarabia, 1,000,000 ; but 

 other writers give the number of Roumanians 

 in Turkey proper at only 200,000, and in Ser- 

 via at 127,000. 



The population of the largest cities is given 

 as follows : Bucharest, 221,805 ; Jassy, 90,000 ; 

 Galatz, 80,000; Botoshani, 40,000; Ploesti, 

 33,000; Braila, 28,272; Byrlat, 26,568; Kra- 

 yova, 22,764; Ismail, 21,000; Giurgevo, 20,866 ; 

 Foktchany, 20,323; Piatra, 20,000. In the 

 budget of the year 1876 'the revenue and the 

 expenditure were estimated each at 97,894,- 

 427 lei (1 lei = $0.193). The public debt on 

 January 1, 1877, amounted to 620,710,213 lei. 

 The aggregate strength of the permanent army 

 and the " territorial " troops (which are local- 

 ized in their respective districts) is 1,613 offi- 

 cers and 62,158 men, with 14,921 horses. The 

 navy consists of 3 steamers and 6 gun-sloops. 

 The imports, in 1874, were valued at 92,363,- 

 000 lei, the exports at 185,858,000 lei. The 

 most important article of export is grain, es- 

 pecially wheat and maize. The movement of 

 shipping in the most important ports, in 1875, 

 was as follows : 



In 1875 the length of the railroads in opera- 

 tion was 1,231 kilometres, and that of the tele- 

 graph-lines 3,820 ; that of wires, 6,842 kilo- 

 metres. There were 236 post-offices; the 

 number of private letters mailed was 5,072,- 

 686 ; the number of official letters, 966,479. 



DANUBE COMMISSION. The European Dan- 

 ube Commission, which was established in pur- 

 suance of Article XVI. of the Treaty of Paris, 

 and embraces the representatives of the seven 

 treaty-powers (Germany, France, Great Brit- 

 ain, Italy, Austria, Russia, and Turkey), has 

 its seat at Galatz. It is not subject to the 

 Roumanian Government, but has sovereign 

 power over the lower course of the Danube 

 down from Isaktchi ; it manages the police, 

 publishes regulations which have legal power, 

 levies taxes, contracts loans, and disposes of 

 its revenue for the furtherance of works of 

 public usefulness. According to a new treaty, 

 adopted by the Pontus Conference on March 



