754 



TURKEY. 



13, 1871, the Danube Commission is to be 

 continued for twelve years, and tbe works 

 executed by it shall remain neutral. Its in- 

 come for the year 1875 amounted to 1,567,145 

 francs, and its expenditures to 1,216,890. The 

 following exhibits the movement of shipping 

 at the Sulina mouth of the Danube, during 

 the year 1875 : 



SERVIA. The present ruler of Servia, the 

 other dependency of Turkey in Europe, Milan 

 Obrenovitch IV., was born in 1854, and suc- 

 ceeded to the throne by the election of the 

 Servian National Assembly, after the assassi- 

 nation of his uncle, Prince Michael Obreno- 

 vitch, June, 1 868 ; was crowned at Belgrade, 

 and assumed the government, August 22, 

 1872. He was married, on October 17, 1875, 

 to Natalie de Kesho, the daughter of a Rus- 

 sian nobleman. Offspring of the union is a 

 son, Prince Alexander, born August 14, 1876. 

 The Servian ministry, in November, 1876, was 

 composed as follows : Presidency and Foreign 

 Affairs, Ristitch ; Interior, Miloikovitch ; Fi- 

 nance, Ivanovitch ; War, General Nikolitch ; 

 Worship, Wassilyevitch ; Justice, Gruitch ; 

 Public Works, Stevtcha. The legislative au- 

 thority is exercised by the Skupshtina. The 

 former Senate has been changed into a Council 

 of State, which prepares the laws. The Skup- 

 shtina is composed of delegates chosen by the 

 people, at the rate of one deputy to every 

 2,000 electors, and consisted, in 1875, of 134 

 members, of whom 33 were appointed by the 

 prince and 101 elected by the people. Ac- 

 cording to the budget for the years 1875-'76, 

 the revenue was 35,256,000 " tax-piasters " 

 (1 piaster = 4 cents), and the expenditure 

 34,806,000 piasters. The area of Servia is 

 16,817 square miles; population, at the close 

 of 1874, 1,352,522, of whom about 5,000 are 

 Mohammedans, 1,500 Jews, 360 Protestants, 

 3,400 Roman Catholics, and the remainder 

 members of the Orthodox Greek Church. The 

 capital, Belgrade, had, in 1874, a population of 

 27,605, exclusive of the garrison. The army 

 actually under arms consists of 4,720 men, 

 all infantry with the exception of 200 cavalry 

 and a small artillery corps. The strength of 

 the reserves is 150,490 men. The imports 

 were valued, in 1872, at 27,400,000 francs ; the 

 exports at 27,300,000 francs. There were, in 

 1875^ not yet any railroads in Servia, but the 

 construction of a road from Belgrade to Nissa 

 was begun ; the aggregate length of the tele- 



graph-lines was, in 1872, 1,376 ; that of the 

 telegraph-wires, 2,051 kilometres. The num- 

 ber of private letters passing through the post- 

 office was 740,838; the number of official let- 

 ters, 431,275. 



MONTENEGRO. The principality of Monte- 

 negro, which was formerly a tributary state of 

 Turkey, must now be regarded as an entirely 

 independent state. It has an area of 1,701 

 square miles, and a population of about 190,- 

 000, nearly all of whom belong to the Greek 

 Oriental Church, and the Servian nationality. 

 All the men from seventeen to sixty, who are 

 able to bear arms, constitute the national 

 army, which numbers from 25,000 to 27,000 

 men. The country is divided into eight mili- 

 tary districts, at the head of each of which is 

 a sedar. The districts are subdivided into 

 forty tribes, with a captain at the head of 

 each. Subordinate to the captain are chiefs 

 of one hundred and of ten men. In time of 

 war every captain takes independently the 

 necessary steps, until he can receive the orders 

 of the sedar or the prince. The military or- 

 ganization is so complete that all the able- 

 bodied men of the principality can be concen- 

 trated in one place within seventy-two hours. 



The note of Count Andrassy of December 

 30, 1875 (see ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA for 1875), 

 was delivered to Reshid Pasha by Count Zichy, 

 the Austrian embassador at Constantinople, on 

 January 31, 1876; and on the same day the 

 embassadors of England, Germany, France, 

 Italy, and Russia, declared that they supported 

 the Austrian propositions in all their points. 

 On the 5th of February Reshid Pasha informed 

 the embassadors verbally, that a new Jirman 

 decreeing reforms would be issued immediately 

 for Bosnia and the Herzegovina. On the 20th, 

 Reshid Pasha delivered to Count Zichy, as an 

 answer to the Andrassy note, a memorandum 

 promising to carry out the measures supported 

 by the powers in Bosnia and the Herzegovina, 

 immediately as to four points, and as soon as 

 possible as to the fifth point. Previously, on 

 the llth of February, an irade had been issued 

 for the institution of certain reforms in these 

 provinces. (The tenor of this irade is given 

 in another place in this article.)" 



The Prince of Montenegro had, about the 

 1st of January, expressed a desire to the Czar 

 of Russia to be allowed to begin active oper- 

 ations. The Czar advised him on no account 

 to depart from the policy of neutrality, and 

 the prince gave assurances that he would be 

 governed by this counsel. Nevertheless, reports 

 prevailed during the month that Montenegro 

 had negotiated a loan, and had made purchases 

 at one time of 10,000 rifles and 60 muskets, 

 and at another time of 15,000 muskets. In 

 consequence of the threatening attitude of 

 Turkey, it was represented, January 9th, that 

 3,000 Montenegrin guards had been armed with 

 breech-loaders and sent to the frontier. A few 

 days later a war-council of senators and mili- 

 tary officers, summoned by the prince, resolved 



