TURKISTAN. 



TWESTEN, AUGUST D. C. 



governor. Several tribes of the Kara-Kirghiz, 

 principally the important tribe of the Bargas, 

 refused to submit to Kussian rule, concentrated 

 themselves at Kulja under the leadership of 

 Abdullah Beg, and began committing depreda- 

 tions upon the Russian settlements. General 

 Scoboleff was dispatched with a considerable 

 force to reduce them to submission. On the 

 6th of April General Kolpatchoffski announced 

 the complete submission of all the chiefs except 

 Abdullah Beg and two of his companions. In 

 June some of the Kara-Kirghiz again gath- 

 ered for raids in the Ferghana Valley. Colo- 

 nel Bogoluboff was sent from Khokan, with 

 200 Cossacks, in pursuit of them. He at- 

 tacked and put to flight a band of 400. Subse- 

 quently, about the 1st of August, General Sco- 

 boleff led a division against their most difficult 

 positions, between the rivers Turuk and Schota, 

 leaving garrisons at various points to protect 

 the settlers against their irruptions. Near the 

 town of Papan he attacked the enemy in their 

 fastness, surrounded, and overcame them. The 

 Kara-Kirghiz fled, leaving behind them 2,000 



head of cattle, which were divided among the 

 inhabitants of the valley. On the 31st of Au- 

 gust General Scoboleff had pressed over the 

 Sofi-Kurgan and Argak Dowan, to the left 

 bank of the Amoo Darya, and had hunted the 

 Kirghiz to their hiding-places. By the 1st of 

 October his command had returned to Khokan. 

 The expedition had been entirely successful; 

 all the tribes of the Alai Mountains had been 

 subjugated and placed under regular govern- 

 ment. Since the conquest of the Ferghana 

 Valley the Russian Government has pursued 

 earnestly, and with much success, the policy of 

 colonizing the more fertile portions of it with 

 settlements of Russians and Cossacks. The 

 country proves to be admirably adapted to this 

 purpose. Postal communication has been es- 

 iablished between Khojend and Khokan. 



In Eastern Turkistan the khanate of Kash- 

 gar is steadily rising to greater importance. 

 The trade with Russia seems to be increasing. 

 The exports from Kashgar to Russia from the 

 1st of June, 1871, to the 1st of May, 1872, in- 

 cluding goods sent by way of Kliokan, were 

 estimated to amount to 1,100,000 rubles. Dur- 

 ing 1874 there were exported from Kashgar 

 to Russiiwi territory, through the Naryn Pass, 

 about 1,662,000 Ibs. of merchandise, including 

 721,729 pieces of daba (or the native coarse 

 cotton goods), worth 324,000 rubles ; and there 

 were imported to Kashgar 1,678,000 Ibs. of 

 goods, and 85,382 sheep, worth about 256,000 

 rubles. In 1875, to the 22d of July, the ex- 

 ports were 1,111,000 Ibs., including 881,560 

 pieces of ddba, worth about 396,000 rubles; and 

 the imports were 402,000 Ibs. of goods, and 

 54,049 sheep, worth about 162,000 rubles. The 

 country is very elevated, and its climate is one 

 of extremes. The ordinary crops and fruits of 

 the temperate zone are produced in quantities 

 sufficient for the wants of the inhabitants, but 

 not for export. Among the sources of mineral 

 production are mines and 

 beds of gold, jade, copper, 

 lead, coal, silver, zinc, sul- 

 phur, alum, and sal-ammo- 

 niac. Among the articles 

 of trade are stags' -horns, 

 swan's-down, tiger and pan- 

 ther skins, various furs, wool, 

 and musk. The manufact- 

 ured articles are inferior to 

 those of Western Turkistan. 

 The ruler of Kashgar, Mo- 

 hammed Yakub Beg, is still 

 regarded by the Chinese 

 Government as a rebel, and 

 a large army was sent out 

 against him in 1874. (See AN- 

 NUAL CYCLOPAEDIA for 1875, 

 article KASHGAR.) The ac- 

 counts of the operations of 

 this army during 1876 are 

 indefinite, and not well con- 

 nected. 



Yakub Beg has steadily 

 cultivated friendly relations with the English. 

 He formerly appeared suspicious of the Rus- 

 sians, but has more recently shown a dispo- 

 sition to be on good terms with them. Upon 

 the conclusion of the campaign of General 

 Kolpatchoffski against the Kara-Kirghiz, Beg 

 sent an address to him, in return for which 

 Captain Kurapatchkin, of the general staff, 

 and three other officers, were dispatched to 

 visit Beg at Kashgar, and communicate a re- 

 ply to his letter. These officers remained some 

 time at Kashgar, and then went to Toksoum, 

 1,200 versts to the eastward, to meet the emir. 

 The conclusion of a commercial treaty between 

 Russia and Kashgar was mentioned during the 

 summer. 



TWESTEN, AUGUST DETLEV CHRISTIAN, a 

 distinguished theologian of Protestant Ger- 



