BERARDI, GIUSEPPE. 



BERNARD, CLAUDE. 



57 



tively pushed forward. With regard to the 

 financial situation, the King said that the equi- 

 librium of the budget had ceased to be assured, 

 and the present estimates were not altogether 

 of a favorable character. The Treasury also 

 had contracted considerable engagements, for 

 which it would be necessary to provide. The 

 Government would submit proposals to the 

 Chambers for effecting further reform in the 

 electoral law. 



The association of the Belgian Free Churches 

 has grown up out of the Belgian Evangelical 

 Society, which was founded in 1837. After 

 existing for several years under this name, the 

 Free Churches adopted an ecclesiastical organ- 

 ization better fitted to promote the develop- 

 ment of their work. They accepted the Pres- 

 byterian form of government, and chose, as the 

 standard of their faith the old Belgic Confession 

 of the sixteenth century, with the article which 

 refers to the interference of the civil power in 

 matters of faith omitted. The Synod for 1878 

 met at Brussels July 16th. Twenty churches, 

 French and English, were represented, besides 

 which visiting members were present from the 

 Waldensian and the Scotch and English Pres- 

 byterian churches, and churches in Holland. 

 Pastor Cacheux, of Lize-Seraing, presided. 

 A resolution was passed to the effect that a 

 greater prominence should be given to the de- 

 cided views entertained by the church on the 

 subject of the separation of church and state. 

 A meeting was held in connection with the 

 Evangelical Alliance, which was also attended 

 by ministers of the National Church ; and the 

 annual public meeting was addressed by depu- 

 ties from foreign churches. The financial re- 

 port announced a deficiency of $3,600 on a 

 necessary annual expenditure of $25,000. 



BERARDI, GIUSEPPE, Cardinal-priest of the 

 title of Saints Marcellino and Pietro, born 

 September 28, 1810, died April 6, 1878. He 

 was the son of a poor family of Ceccano, a 

 village in the former Pontifical States near the 

 frontier of Naples. He received his first edu- 

 cation in the diocesan seminary of Ferentino, 

 and subsequently attended the Collegio Ro- 

 mano. At the Papal university della Sapienza 

 he studied law and theology, supporting him- 

 self in the mean while by giving private les- 

 sons. Feeling no vocation for the priesthood, 

 he practiced law for several years and mar- 

 ried ; but after losing his wife and only daugh- 

 ter he was appointed in 1844 by Gregory XVI. 

 prelate and judge of the supreme tribunal of 

 the Consulta. In 1845 he became judge of the 

 Apostolic Chamber for civil, ecclesiastical, and 

 criminal affairs. In 1848 Berardi followed Pius 

 IX. to Gaeta, where he became the devoted 

 and zealous partisan of Antonelli. At the in- 

 stigation of Antonelli, Pius IX. in 1849 intrust- 

 ed Berardi with the difficult task of restoring 

 the Papal authority in the recovered States of 

 the Church. Supported by Neapolitan and 

 Spanish troops, Berardi displayed an astonish- 

 ing activity, and reestablished Papal rule in 



the neighborhood of Rome and in a part of the 

 Marches and of Umbria. In August of the 

 same year he was- added to the Commission of 

 Three Cardinals to govern the dominion of St. 

 Peter until the return of the Pope ; and on the 

 return of the latter to Rome, Berardi was com- 

 missioned to receive him at the frontier. In 

 1856 he was by the influence of Antonelli ap- 

 pointed substitute of the Secretary of State, and 

 from that time until his elevation to the car- 

 dinalate he always took a prominent part in 

 the temporal and ecclesiastical affairs of the 

 Holy See. In 1860 he fell for some time into 

 disgrace, as his brother Filippo was charged 

 with being at the head of a conspiracy against 

 the temporal power of the Pope, and with 

 having secretly delivered to the enemy impor- 

 tant public documents. By the influence of 

 Antonelli he was, however, soon restored to 

 favor, and designated to the important position 

 of Apostolic Nuncio at St. Petersburg. For 

 this purpose he was obliged to take holy or- 

 ders ; and being consecrated in immediate suc- 

 cession priest and bishop, he was appointed 

 Archbishop of Nicea in partibus. As the rela- 

 tions between Russia and Rome remained un- 

 friendly, he never entered upon his functions as 

 nuncio ; but on March ] 3, 1868, he was appoint- 

 ed cardinal-priest. Much against his own 

 wish, he was appointed Minister of Public 

 Works, Commerce, and Fine Arts, which posi- 

 tion he retained until the overthrow of tho 

 temporal power of the Pope. When he was 

 forced to leave the Quirinal Palace in 1870 he 

 took up his abode with his brother Filippo ; 

 and, as the latter had the reputation of being 

 an outspoken partisan of Italian unity and an 

 intimate friend of the statesmen Nicotera and 

 Mancini, Cardinal Berardi again awakened the 

 suspicions that he was not himself in full har- 

 mony with the policy of the Holy See. 



BERNARD, CLAUDE, one of the greatest 

 physiologists of the present century, born July 

 12, 1813, at St. Julien, in the department of the 

 Rh6ne, died February 10, 1878. On account 

 of the poverty of his family, he found it very 

 difficult to finish his classical studies. After 

 living for a short time with a pharmacist in 

 Villefranche-sur-Sa6ne, he went to Paris. In 

 1841 he became a pupil of the learned physi- 

 ologist Dr. F. Magendie, who had a great in- 

 fluence upon the progress of his studies ; and 

 in 1843 he graduated as a doctor of medicine. 

 Until 1853 he chiefly studied surgery, but from 

 that year he relinquished surgery in order to 

 devote himself entirely to the experimental 

 study of physiology. In 1854 the chair of 

 Professor of General Physiology was specially 

 created for him at the Sorbonne ; in the same 

 year he was made a member of the Academy 

 of Sciences, and in 1861 of the Academy of 

 Medicine; in 1855 he succeeded his master 

 Magendie as Professor of Experimental Medi- 

 cine in the College de France ; and in 1868 he 

 became Professor of General Physiology at the 

 Museum. Four times he received from the 



