BOLIVIA. 



BRAZIL. 



59 



tatives, both elected by popular suffrage. The 

 ministers are liable to impeachment before 

 Congress. The capital of the republic is La 

 Paz. 



The Bolivian Consul-General in New York 

 is Seftor J. Pol, and the Consul in San Fran- 

 cisco Sefior F. Herrera. The American Min- 

 ister of the United States in Bolivia is the 

 Hon. R. M. Reynolds, residing at La Paz. The 

 Metropolitan Archbishop is Dr. P. J. Puy y 

 Solona (elevated in 1861), and there are the 

 following bishops : La Paz, Dr. Juan de Dios 

 Bosque (1874); Cochabamba, F. M. del Gra- 

 nado (1872) ; and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, F. 

 X. Rodriguez (1870). 



No statement of the Bolivian finances has 

 been published since 1875, for which year the 

 revenue was set down at $2,929,574, the ex- 

 penditures at $4,505,504, and the national debt 

 at 3,400,000, including Colonel Church's loan 

 of 1,700,000 for the construction of the Ma- 

 deira and Mamore* Railway. The revenue is de- 

 rived from customs duties on imports, from the 

 mines and other state property, and from a 

 tax levied upon the Indian population yielding 

 nearly one halt of the total receipts. The im- 

 ports in 1875 amounted to $5,750,000, and the 

 exports to $5,000,000. The exports consisted 

 mainly of guano, leather, Peruvian bark, tin, 

 and silver. The duties on goods imported 

 through Peruvian ports were collected by the 

 Peruvian Government, and a sum averaging 

 $500,000 was paid annually to Bolivia; but 

 negotiations for a renewal of the custom-house 

 treaty between the two countries not having 

 been taken up by the Republic of Peru, in spite 

 of the urgent requests of the Bolivian envoy, 

 Dr. Zoilo Flores, the Government of Bolivia 

 has issued a decree restoring the Bolivian cus- 

 tom-houses. It is thought that the early com- 

 pletion of the Madeira and Mamore" Railway, 

 which will open navigation to the very center 

 of Bolivia through the Amazon and its tribu- 

 taries, will free the country from the custom- 

 house tutelage of Peru, and strengthen the 

 good relations now existing between Brazil 

 and Bolivia. 



The only railways in operation are the lines 

 from La Paz to the port of Aygacha on Lake 

 Titicaca (60 miles), and from Antofagasta to 

 Salar (38 miles). Some progress has been 

 made in the construction of the Madeira and 

 Mamore" Railway by the American contractors, 

 the Messrs. Collins, of Philadelphia. Seven 

 miles of the road were already in operation, 

 and materials were on the ground for fifty 

 miles additional ; but, owing to unexpected 

 delay in the final decision of the English courts 

 in regard to the Bolivian loan and to the con- 

 tract with the Public Works Company, work 

 had been temporarily suspended. To Bolivia 

 this ^enterprise promises national life, as with- 

 out it it can not profitably export its abundant 

 and valuable products. The trade and reve- 

 nues of the republic have not increased since 

 1825, although the population has nearly treb- 



led since that date, while the neighboring coun- 

 tries have advanced in wealth and civilization. 



BOUTON, NATHANIEL, died in Concord, 

 N". H., June 6, 1878. He was born at Nor- 

 walk, Conn., June 20, 1799, and was gradu- 

 ated from Yale College in 1821, and from the 

 Andover Theological Seminary in 1824. He 

 was pastor of the First Congregational Church 

 and Society in Concord, N. H., from 1825 to 

 1867; president of the New Hampshire His- 

 torical Society from 1842 to 1844; trustee of 

 Dartmouth College from 1840 to 1877, and 

 secretary of the Board of Trustees from 1845 

 to 1873 ; and president of the New Hampshire 

 Missionary Society from 1852 to 1858. He 

 also served as vice-president of the American 

 Home Missionary Society and director of the 

 New Hampshire Bible Society, and was a cor- 

 porate member of the New England Historical 

 and Genealogical Society, and of the Maine, 

 the Wisconsin, and the Pennsylvania Histori- 

 cal Societies. Besides numerous sermons, ad- 

 dresses, and articles in periodicals, he published 

 " Help to Prayer" (1832), "Sinners Directed," 

 abridged from Baxter (1832), " Memoir of Mrs. 

 Elizabeth Macfarland " (1839), " History of 

 Concord, N. H. " (1856), kl Collections of New 

 Hampshire Historical Society," Vols. VII. and 

 VIII. (1850-'56), and "LovewelFs Great Fight 

 at Pigwacket" (1861). 



BOW T LES, SAMUEL, an American journalist, 

 died January 16, 1878, in Springfield, Mass., 

 where he was born February 9, 1826. At an 

 early age he was employed in the office of 

 the ''Springfield Republican," a weekly paper 

 which his father had started in 1824, and of 

 which he was proprietor. In 1844 he per- 

 suaded his father to publish a daily paper, on 

 which the son, though but a boy, performed 

 an important part of' the editorial labors. His 

 political articles soon attracted attention, and 

 his letters from the South, where he was sent 

 for his health in the winter of 1845, were widely 

 read. Young Bowles soon became the virtual 

 head of the paper, and conducted it with enter- 

 prise, and ability until the time of his death. 

 In 1865 he made a journey to the Pacific coast 

 with a large company, including Mr. Schuyler 

 Colfax. The letters written on this journey 

 to the "Springfield Republican" were repub- 

 lished in a volume called " Across the Conti- 

 nent." In 1869 he published " Our New West " 

 and "The Switzerland of America," in the 

 latter of which were described the mountain 

 scenery and the natural parks of Colorado. 

 Mr. Bowles was an industrious, fearless jour- 

 nalist, and not only made the " Springfield Re- 

 publican " a leading journal of New England, 

 but during the war and afterward gave to it a 

 national reputation. 



BRAZIL (IMPERIO DO BRAZIL), an empire of 

 South America, and the only monarchy in the 

 New World, extending from latitude 5 10' 

 north to 33 46' south, and from longitude 34 

 47' to 74 7' west. It is bounded" north by 

 the United States of Colombia, Venezuela, the 



