EXPOSITION, PARIS. 



311 



specially to cutting teeth in cog- wli eels, con- 

 sisting of an adjustable table fixed on a hollow 

 standard, with clamps for holding the work, 

 and feed motion ; the work is done by a fixed 

 horizontal circular saw-blade and a vertical 

 saw-blade capable of being raised or lowered or 

 canted in either direction according to the shape 

 of the teeth to be cut. 



A type-setting machine shown in the French 

 machinery hall, and invented by M. Delcam- 

 bre, had a keyboard connecting with a reser- 

 voir of type, from which the type dropped 

 down upon pressing the keys, and were carried 

 over a grooved pulley into the type-bar, and 



gushed down into place, until the line was 

 lied. A scientific journal in Paris is printed 

 by the aid of this machine. Besides the famil- 

 iar American type-writing machine, there was 

 one in the Danish department, invented by Rev. 

 Mailing Hansen, constructed in two forms, one 

 for writing telegraphic dispatches on long slips, 

 and one for printing letters, with a return and 

 diagonal motion for commencing new lines and 

 a diagonal scale to indicate the exact position 

 of the letter last printed. These machines are 

 very compact, standing 6 inches high with 6 

 inches diameter, and weighing but 6 Ibs. ; the 

 number of letters and marks is 54, with 54 cor- 

 responding keys, the letter-carriers all radi- 

 ating toward the center, while a band of varia- 

 ble tension takes the place of the usual pad. 



A spring motor, applicable to sewing ma- 

 chines and other light work, was shown by a 

 Viennese firm; the machine has two spiral 

 springs, each 12 metres long, which are wound 

 up by the agency of a cogged gear and a worm- 

 screw, in about three minutes, and will run a 

 quarter of an hour, making 500 stitches a min- 

 ute. Two similar contrivances were exhibited 

 in the French department. 



The steam velocipede of M. Perraux is a tri- 

 cycle impelled by a diminutive steam-engine, 

 which travels at double the usual gait of a 

 horse, and is perfectly controllable. The fuel 

 used, spirits of wine, makes it expensive, cost- 

 ing half a dollar per hour. 



In pavilions on the Trocad^ro side were ex- 

 hibited French building materials, cements, 

 models of bridges and fortifications, etc. A 

 promising plan for filtering surface water for 

 drinking purposes in country houses and vil- 

 lages consists of a double well, the outer shaft 

 having a bottom of gravel, through which the 

 water is filtered into the inner well. Leaden 

 pipes coated with asphalt were shown, which 

 are capable of standing a pressure of 8 and 15 

 atmospheres, intended for gas and water re- 

 spectively. 



Agricultural Implements. In the exhibition 

 of agricultural machinery the most important 

 (although by no means the largest) exhibit was 

 the American, and notably so in the line of 

 mowers and reapers. Whiteley's new champi- 

 on mowing-machine was particularly remarked 

 among the novelties ; in this the power is com- 

 municated to the knife bar by an arm which is 



attached to a non-rotating cog-disk fitted on a 

 gimbal-joint, into which works a cog-wheel 

 fastened on the axle of the driving-wheel ; the 

 cog-disk has two extra teeth, which causes it 

 to be driven continually from side to side by 

 the cog-wheels communicating the same mo- 

 tion to the arm and knife-bar. The different 

 varieties of American harvesters, with the sheaf* 

 binding devices of McOormick, Moore, and oth- 

 ers, were exhibited. These tools won admira- 

 tion not only from experts on account of their 

 ingenuity, but also from the general public on 

 account of the lightness and elegance of their 

 forms, the magnificence of the material and 

 workmanship of the exhibited specimens, and 

 the fact that they were kept in motion by 

 steam, allowing the action of the works to be 

 observed. Acontrivance for relieving the strain 

 on the horse's neck, when the reaper or mow- 

 er is folded up, was exhibited by Walter A. 

 Moore; it is accomplished by shifting the axle 

 forward. Harrows and rollers were not ex- 

 hibited in the American section, their bulk be- 

 ing an obstacle to their exportation. Of the 

 eight self-binding reapers exhibited, six were 

 American and two English, six of them using 

 wire and two twine. In Neale's new English 

 reaper twine is used, which is tied in a reef- 

 knot and cut, and the sheaf dropped vertically 

 upon the ground ; the grain is carried ears first 

 up an incline to a second platform, where a 

 transverse rake gathers it into a bundle and 

 holds it against a bevel, while being tied. The 

 other cord-tying reaper, the Johnston, ties the 

 string in a square knot, made by forming a loop 

 of the double string, runningthe ends through it, 

 and pulling it tight. In the American self- bind- 

 ers exhibited Johnston's, Walter A. Wood's, 

 Osborn's, McOormick's, Aultman's, and William 

 Anson Wood's the arrangements for cutting 

 the grain and carrying it to the binding appara- 

 tus were very similar; the arrangements for 

 gripping and twisting the wire and for cutting it 

 when tied were various. In Walter A. Wood's 

 machine the sheaf is held compressed between 

 two arms, while the knot is twisted without 

 straining the wire ; the methods for securing 

 the proper tension of the wire differed consid- 

 erably from each other. In Europe the preju- 

 dice against wire-binding is very strong. The 

 saving of labor achieved by automatic sheaf- 

 binding is fully equal to that made by mechan- 

 ical cutting. All the reapers exhibited in the 

 English, the Canadian, and the French sections 

 followed the American models ; the English 

 have apparently abandoned the type invented 

 by Bell. A reaper built by Case, of Wisconsin, 

 for the California market, revives the feature 

 of the old English machines of pushing the 

 machine in front of the horses ; this harvester 

 is intended for fields where the grain is cut 

 dead ripe and threshed out in the field ; it cuts 

 a swath of 15 feet breadth. Another tool in 

 which the Americans have combined lightness 

 with effectiveness and durability is the horse 

 rake. Nye's self-discharging rake, which was 



