314 



EXPOSITION", PARIS. 



music, exclusively instrumental compositions, 

 were produced in the French series of con- 

 certs. The Italian instrumental concerts were 

 performed by the famous orchestra of the Scala 

 in Milan, giving selections from Ponchielli, 

 Catulini, and other modern composers. Amer- 

 ica was represented by Gilmore's military band, 

 which presented marches, overtures, and Amer- 

 ican airs, interspersed with solo performances 

 on the saxophone by Lefebvre and on the flute 

 by Bracht, and with national songs rendered 

 by Miss Lillian Norton ; the music was highly 

 appreciated by the audiences. 



An international competition in chorus-sing- 

 ing also took place in the theatre of the Tro- 

 cadero in a series of concerts; the English 

 choir of singers directed by Henry Leslie gained 

 the first prize. 



Congresses. The opportunity offered by the 

 Exposition was used by many international 

 societies and schools of thinkers for the hold- 

 ing of conventions. Among these gatherings 

 were an international arbitration congress, a 

 woman's rights convention, a thrift congress, 

 a demographic or statistical meeting, a con- 

 vention of civil engineers, one of psychological 

 physicians, meetings of Alpine climbers, of 

 friends of discharged prisoners, of hygienists, 

 of merchants and manufacturers, of land-sur- 

 veyors, of homceopathists, of Catholic bibliog- 

 raphers, of friends of the blind, a geographi- 

 cal congress, a literary congress, one on the 

 representation of minorities. 



An international chess tournament resulted 

 in a tie for the first prize between Zukertort 

 of Berlin and London and Winaver of Eussia 

 for the first prize, and another tie between 

 Bird of London and Mackenzie of New York 

 for the second. 



Several of these meetings were of important 

 character, and elicited in their transactions the 

 best results of progressive thought in many 

 directions. The International Commission of 

 Statistics settled upon schemes for taking in- 

 ternational statistics and apportioned subjects 

 of investigation among its members. The Lit- 

 erary Congress recommended the formation of 

 a society of authors in each country, with a 

 central international society in Paris. The 



FAZY, JEAN J. 



Thrift Congress was organized by the Societe 

 des Institutions de Prevoyance, and presided 

 over by Hippolyte Passy; reports were re- 

 ceived of the savings banks and other provi- 

 dent institutions in all countries. The Ethno- 

 graphic Congress was presided over by Leon 

 de Kosny. A congress for the extension and 

 improvements in the means of transportation, 

 with M. Feray, the protectionist senator, in the 

 chair, discussed improvements in the means 

 of international communication. A Socialist 

 workingmen's convention was announced, but 

 permission to meet was withheld by the Gov- 

 ernment. An International Monetary Congress 

 convened August llth, in which alj countries of 

 Europe and the United States were represent- 

 ed ; in discussing the double standard the presi- 

 dent, M. Leon Say, declared that that and not 

 a gold standard was the goal of France, and 

 that she was waiting for the moment when she 

 could resume the free mintage of silver ; Mr. 

 Goschen, that if other countries were pressing 

 toward a single gold standard, England would 

 feel obliged to change the currency of India 

 to gold. A Commercial Congress decided in 

 favor of an international commercial code, and 

 appointed a committee to draft one and report 

 at the meeting in Belgium in 1880. An Inter- 

 national Congress on Weights and Measures 

 recommended the universal adoption of the 

 metric system, and a ten-franc gold piece as a 

 money unit. 



Another congress treated the subject of men- 

 tal pathology, under the chairmanship of Dr. 

 Baillarger. The French Temperance Society 

 organized a congress for the discussion of sub- 

 jects connected with alcoholism. The meeting 

 of the Universal Israelite Alliance was presided 

 over by the aged senator Cremieux. A work- 

 ingmen's meeting in favor of international ar- 

 bitration received significant and characteristic 

 letters from Victor Hugo and Louis Blanc. 

 A Patent Congress decided that the protection 

 of industrial property should not be the subject 

 of treaties, but of special conventions, like 

 copyright, and that inventions should be pub- 

 lished in a journal in each country, and those 

 shown at international exhibitions provision- 

 ally protected. 



FAZY, JEAN JAMES, a Swiss statesman, born 

 May 12, 1796, died November 5, 1878. He was 

 descended from a family of French Protestant 

 emigrants, and received his education, first in 

 a Moravian institution in Neuwied, Germany 

 and subsequently in Paris, in which latter city 

 he became a contributor to and editor of sev- 

 eral Liberal and Protestant journals. In 1832 

 ne returned to Geneva, where he had previ- 

 ously for a time edited the "Journal de Ge- 

 He soon became one of the most 

 prominent party -leaders, and subsequently 



his influence was at times so great that he was 

 said to be the only statesman in the history of 

 Geneva who could be compared in this respect 

 to Calvin. Having been elected after the rev- 

 olution of 1841 to the Grand Council, he be- 

 came the champion of an unlimited universal 

 suffrage. When the vacillation of the Grand 

 Council in the question of the Sonderbund 

 brought on, in October, 1846, a new revolu- 

 tion, Fazy was placed at the head of a provi- 

 sional government, and with the aid of the 

 so-called radical party introduced a new con- 



