350 



FRIES, ELIAS M. 



ons and efficient. The schools head become in- 

 adequate for what was required of them, and 

 a special subscription had been taken to im- 

 prove them ; and between sixty and seventy of 

 the pupils had become teachers or evangelists. 

 The report of the Meeting for Sufferings showed 

 that 1,501 had been collected and sent out to 

 aid the work for the education and religious 

 instruction of the poor white population and 

 freed negroes in North Carolina. An address 

 had been presented to ex-President Grant of 

 the United States while he was in England, 

 thanking him for his humane policy toward 

 the Indians. An address on the opium traffic 

 had been presented to the Chinese embassy. 

 Friends had been advised not to raise a sepa- 

 rate fund for the relief of the sufferers by fam- 

 ine in India, but to aid the general fund. Sev- 

 eral Friends had paid Gospel visits to Norway. 

 A commission had been dispatched to visit 

 South Africa, who, besides their religious work, 

 had, at the request of Sir Bartle Frere, visit- 

 ed, inspected, and reported upon the prisons. 

 Another commission were about to go to Mad- 

 agascar, Australia, and elsewhere. The com- 

 mittee on the War- Victims' Fund had granted 

 700 to the ladies laboring on the Bosnian 

 frontier in the relief of distress, and had spent 

 nearly 7,000 in Bulgaria. 



The receipts of the Friends' Freedman's As- 

 sociation for the year ending in May, 1878, 

 were $6,125. The Association maintained 18 

 schools, with 2,457 pupils and 37 teachers, of 

 whom 14 were colored, and had distributed 

 2,175 Bibles, with a large amount of other read- 

 ing matter, during the year. The total amount 

 of money disbursed by the Association during 

 its existence had been $327,107. 



FRIES, ELIAS MAGNUS, a Swedish botanist, 

 died February 8th, in the eighty-second year 

 of his age. His father, a Lutheran minister, 

 was an ardent student of botany, and by him 



GARNIER-PAGES, LOUIS A. 



young Fries was early imbued with a love ot 

 that science. He was wont to accompany his 

 father in his botanizing rambles, and while yet 

 a boy had a perfect familiarity with all the 

 plant forms of the country around his native 

 village of Femsjo. At the early age of twelve 

 the discovery of a specially beautiful hydnum 

 was the occasion of directing his attention in 

 particular to cryptogamic botany, and that 

 branch of the science was ever afterward his 

 favorite study. Before the completion of his 

 preparatory school course he had classified 

 some four hundred species of agarics. In 1811 

 he entered the University of Lund, and three 

 years later was appointed instructor in botany. 

 The first part of his work "Noviti Flora3 

 Sueciae " was published in 1814, and the second 

 part in 1823. In 1815 appeared his " Obser- 

 vationes Mycologicae," the first important re- 

 sult of his study of the fungi. In the follow- 

 ing year he published an outline of a new 

 system of classification for the fungi, " Speci- 

 men Systematis Mycologici." This system was 

 fully worked out in his classical " System a 

 Mycologicum" (1821-'29). In 1825 he pub- 

 lished the first part of a complete botanical 

 system, " Systema Orbis Vegetabilis," but this 

 work he did not attempt to complete. In 1831 

 he published a revision of the lichenography 

 of Europe, " Lichenographia Europroa Refor- 

 mata," and in 1838 his second great work, 

 "Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici." In 1834 

 he was appointed Professor of Practical Econ- 

 omy in the University of Upsal, and soon 

 after appeared his Flora of Scandinavia 

 (" Flora Scanica"). He twice represented his 

 university in the Swedish Rigsdag (1844 and 

 1848). In 1851 he was made Professor of 

 Botany at Upsal. He continued to publish the 

 results of his studies down to the time of his 

 death. He was succeeded in the chair of bot- 

 any at Upsal by his son. 



GARNIER - PAGES, Loms ANTOINE, a 

 French statesman, born June 18, 1803, died 

 November 1, 1878. He was at first a mer- 

 chant, but after the death of his stepbrother, 

 Etienno Joseph Louis, the great leader of the 

 Republican party, he gave up his business, and 

 was in 1842 elected to the Chamber of Depu- 

 ties. Here he joined the Extreme Left, and 

 took a prominent part in all questions relating 

 to industry and finance. He was one of the 

 chief promoters of the reform agitation in 1847 

 and 1848, which led to the overthrow of the 

 government of Louis Philippe ; and after the 

 outbreak of the revolution of 1848 he became 

 a member of the Provisional Government. In 

 March he was elected Mayor of Paris, and 

 shortly after became Minister of Finance. As 

 such he proposed the extraordinary tax of 45 

 centimes, which made him and his friends so un- 



popular, and for which he vainly attempted to 

 excuse himself in 1859 by the brochure "L'lm- 

 pot de 45 Centimes." He was soon after elect- 

 ed to the Executive Committee which replaced 

 the Provisional Government, but was itself re- 

 placed by the dictatorship of Cavaignac. He 

 now took his seat again in the Constituent As- 

 sembly, and voted with the moderate part of 

 the Republican party. Not having been re- 

 elected to the Legislative Assembly, he de- 

 voted himself wholly to literary labors and 

 industrial enterprises. In 1864 he was elected 

 to the Corps Legislatif, where he voted with 

 the Democratic Opposition. After the over- 

 throw of the empire in 1870, he became a 

 member of the Provisional Government, and 

 in that position helped for the second time to 

 proclaim the republic. Upon being defeated 

 for the National Assembly in 1871, he retired 



