GEEECE. 



GREEK CHURCH. 



411 



mission ers for regulating the frontier; and a 

 week later General Sutzo, Commander-in-Chief 

 of the Greek army, M. Zenopulos, Secretary- 

 General to the Ministry of the Interior, and 

 Major Colocoronis, were appointed the Greek 

 commissioners for the same purpose. News 

 having been received at Athens from Constan- 

 tinople that, notwithstanding the understood 

 determination of the Porte not to cede the 

 district of Janina, the Greek Government was 

 desirous of consolidating friendly relations with 

 Turkey, and would not ask the mediation of 

 the Powers, the newspapers of Athens con- 

 demned the adoption of such an attitude, and 

 stated that, if the Government were to yield on 

 the question of Janina, its course would be 

 universally disapproved. 



The whole year was marked by events of 

 stirring interest in Crete, which, although 

 they were in large part of a peaceful charac- 

 ter, showed the strong and constant desire of 

 the people of the island to become part of an 

 independent Greek nation. In January the 

 National Assembly which had been organized 

 and was sitting, after an engagement between 

 the Turks and the Christians, declared that 

 the Ottoman Government was overthrown, 

 and proclaimed the annexation of the island 

 to Greece. A messenger was sent to Russia 

 to present an address to the Czar, congratu- 

 lating him upon the Russian victories, and en- 

 treating him not to forget Crete at the con- 

 clusion of peace. It was reported in March 

 that the insurgents had accepted an armistice 

 proposed by the Turks, the terms of which 

 stipulated that the Turks should be confined 

 to the towns, while the Christians should re- 

 main unmolested in the open country. In 

 May the British consul at Canea informed the 

 insurgent leaders that the Porte had decided 

 to grant the Cretans an amnesty, and promised 

 them a better form of government provided 

 the insurgents would lay down their arms. 

 The leaders of the insurrection, in reply, de- 

 manded an armistice, declaring that they con- 

 sidered the acceptance of an amnesty as equiv- 

 alent to submission, and strongly urged the 

 union of the island with Greece. Hostilities 

 were resumed in various districts during June. 

 The British consul at Canea promised the As- 

 sembly that England would protect the rights 

 of Crete. He also pointed out that the Porte 

 had proposed reforms and a provisional Cre- 

 tan administration. About a month later the 

 National Assembly sent a note to the consul 

 soliciting the mediation of England to obtain 

 autonomy for the island, in conformity with 

 the desires of the population. Failing to ob- 

 tain this, the Cretans were understood to be 

 resolved to continue their resistance to Turk- 

 ish rule. Hobart Pasha, who visited the 

 European states during the latter part of the 

 summer on a mission which was supposed to 

 be partly official, wrote a letter before leav- 

 ing London for Constantinople, reviewing the 

 whole situation in the East, in which he said 



of Crete : " I know that island well, and the 

 aspirations of its inhabitants. I am convinced 

 that the people of Crete do not want annexa- 

 tion to Greece ; it is the restless committee of 

 ambitious Hellenes in Athens who cry out for 

 it, not the Cretans." At about the same time 

 the representatives of the Cretan National 

 Assembly proposed that the Porte should 

 grant to the people of the island administra- 

 tive autonomy with civil and political equality, 

 and that the Assembly should be authorized 

 to make laws which it would be beyond the 

 power of the Sultan to modify. Mukhtar 

 Pasha, on the other hand, offered them civil 

 equality, the plebiscite, and the establishment 

 of a police force and gendarmerie composed 

 jointly of Mohammedans and Christians. 

 These proposals were rejected by the Cretans. 

 Afterward deeming the concessions offered 

 by Mukhtar Pasha worthless, the Assembly 

 instructed the Cretan representatives at Con- 

 stantinople to discontinue the negotiations, 

 and sent a protest to the foreign consuls at 

 Canea declining to pursue the negotiations 

 with Mukhtar Pasha. A week later an offi- 

 cial telegram from Canea stated that a defini- 

 tive arrangement had been signed between 

 the Turkish authorities and the Cretans, by 

 which the questions at issue were finally 

 settled. This arrangement was confirmed by 

 the Porte, with some slight modifications; a 

 telegram was sent by the Porte to Mukhtar 

 Pasha, thanking him for pacifying the island ; 

 and congratulations were presented to him by 

 the Christian and Mussulman inhabitants. 

 Alexander Caratheodori Pasha, first plenipo- 

 tentiary at the Congress of Berlin, and after- 

 ward Minister of Public Works, was appointed 

 Governor-General of Crete, and the British 

 Colonel Maurice Fawcett was intrusted with 

 the organization of the gendarmerie. 



The Greek Government has for several 

 years had the charge of the normal depart- 

 ment of the schools of Dr. Hill, of the Ameri- 

 can Episcopal Church. It has within the past 

 year established a normal school at Athens, to 

 be under the charge of a Greek principal with 

 two professors ; and a circular has been sent 

 out to the local authorities advising them to 

 select candidates for admission to the school, 

 with free tuition. The University of Athens 

 has schools of theology, law, medicine, and phi- 

 losophy, with 88 professors and 1,652 students. 



GREEK CHURCH. The territorial changes 

 made in the map of Europe by the Berlin Con- 

 gress (see EUROPE) considerably affect the states 

 in which the Greek Church embraces a ma- 

 jority or a large portion of the population. 

 Two states professing the Greek Oriental re- 

 ligion which were heretofore dependencies of 

 Turkey Roumania and Servia have been 

 added to the list of the independent states of 

 Europe, and both have received an increase of 

 territory and population. A new state in which 

 the Greek religion will prevail has been formed 

 Bulgaria which, though it will pay for the 



