GUTZKOW, KARL F. 



HENRY, JOSEPH. 



419 



and in Berlin, to which he removed in 1870. 

 Subsequently he settled for a time at Wieblin- 

 gen near Heidelberg, and finally removed again 

 to Frankfort. His literary life is divided by 

 Rudolf Gottschall into four periods. During 

 the first, extending to 1840, he earned the rep- 

 utation of being one of the founders and lead- 

 ers of the literary school which was called 

 Young Germany, and which made itself known 

 by its daring attacks upon the religious and 

 moral ideas prevailing in German society. On 

 account of his novel " Wally, die Zweiflerin " 

 (1835), which was denounced as irreligious and 

 immoral, he was sentenced to three months' 

 imprisonment at Mannheim. Another work, 

 "Die Zeitgenossen " (2 vols., 1837), he pub- 

 lished under the name of Bulwer. His novel 

 11 Blasedow und seine Sohne " (3 vols., 1838- 

 '39) has a pedagogical tendency, and was one 

 of the foremost works of its period. During 

 this second period (1840-'50) Gutzkow achieved 

 a brilliant success as a dramatic writer. His 

 " Richard Savage " opened the German stage 

 to the new literary school of which Gutz-* 

 kow was one of the leaders. Many of his 

 dramas have maintained themselves on the 

 stage to the present day. The most celebrated 

 works of this period are " Zopf und Schwert " 

 (1844), the " Urbild des Tartiiffe " (1847), and 



" Uriel Acosta " (1847). During the third pe- 

 riod (1850-'60) the dramatic productivity of 

 Gutzkow gradually ceased. Several new at- 

 tempts he made met with but little success, or 

 were entire failures. On the other hand, 

 however, he gained by two immortal works, 

 "Die Ritter vom Geiste" (9 vols., 1850-'62) 

 and "Der Zauberer von Rom" (9 vols., 1859 

 -'61). the reputation of being one of the great- 

 est German novelists of the day. During the 

 last period of his life (1860-'78) he appeared 

 more as an eclectic writer. Among the most 

 prominent works of this period are the novel 

 " Hohenschwangau " (5 vols., 1868), a picture 

 of the age of the Reformation ; the pedagogical 

 novel " Die Sohne Pestalozzi's " (3 vols., 1870), 

 "Fritz Ellrodt"(3 vols., 1872), " Lebensbil- 

 der" (3 vols., 1870-'72), and "Die neuen Se- 

 rapionsbriider " (1877). Two new dramatic 

 attempts, "Der Westfalische Friede" and 

 "Der Gefangene von Metz," did not meet 

 with a favorable reception. An important 

 contribution to his autobiography is given in 

 his "Rtickblicke auf mein Leben" (1875). 

 A collection of his complete works was be- 

 gun in 1871 (vol. I.-XIII., 1871-'76). His last 

 work, "Dionysius Longinus" (1878), is an 

 excited reply to the attacks of some critics 

 upon his works. 



H 



HENRY, JOSEPH, an American scientist, died 

 in Washington City, May 13, 1878. He was 

 born in Albany, N. Y., December 17, 1797. 

 He was educated in tLie common schools of 

 his native city and the Albany Academy, in 

 which, in 1826, he was appointed a Professor 

 of Mathematics. In the following year he be- 

 gan a series of important experiments in elec- 

 tricity, and in 1828 he published an account of 

 various modifications of electro-magnetic ap- 

 paratus, which attracted general attention in 

 this country and in Europe. He was the first 

 to prove by actual experiment that, in the 

 transmission of electricity for great distances, 

 the power of the battery must be proportioned 

 to the length of the current. He was also the 

 first to magnetize a piece of iron at a distance, 

 and invented the first machine moved by elec- 

 tro-magnetism. It consisted of an oscillating 

 iron beam surrounded by a conductor of insu- 

 lated copper wire. A current of electricity 

 was sent through this in one direction, which 

 caused one end to be repelled upward and the 

 other attracted downward by two stationary 

 magnets. The downward motion of the one 

 end of the beam near its lowest point brought 

 the conducting wires in contact with the op- 

 posite poles of the battery, which produced 

 the reverse motion, and so on continually. In 

 a subsequent arrangement, the velocity of mo- 

 tion was regulated by a fly-wheel, and electro- 

 magnets substituted for the permanent mag- 



nets at first used. Professor Henry was also 

 the first person who exhibited the great power 

 of the galvanic current in producing magnetic 

 effects. He found that by surrounding a large 

 bar of iron bent into the form of a horseshoe 

 with a number of coils of wire, so connected 

 with the battery of a single element that the 

 current in each wire would move in the same 

 direction, a magnetic power of astonishing 

 magnitude could be produced with a compara- 

 tively small galvanic apparatus. As early as 

 1829 he exhibited before the Albany Institute 

 electro-magnets having a magnetic power great- 

 er than that before known, and he afterward 

 constructed others on the same principle. One 

 of these, now in the cabinet of the college at 

 Princeton, N. J., will readily support 3,500 

 pounds, with a battery occupying about a cu- 

 bic foot of space. In experiments made at the 

 Albany Academy in 1831, he transmitted sig- 

 nals by means of the electro-magnet through a 

 wire more than a mile long, and thus caused 

 the ringing of a bell at the other end of the 

 wire. In the same year he published an ac- 

 count of these experiments and his electro- 

 magnetic machine in Volume XIX. of Silli- 

 man's "American Journal of Science, " and 

 claimed that the facts which he had demon- 

 strated might be applied to instantaneous com- 

 munication between distant points by means 

 of a magnetic telegraph. This was several 

 years before Professor Morse had brought such 



