488 



LITERATURE, CONTINENTAL. IN 1878. 



able study. E. de Chanteleux, a poet of a 

 strong but erratic genius, has published a drama 

 in blank verse called " Chandosse/' Among 

 the romances, the most remarkable is "In Da- 

 gen van Stryd," an historical novel of the time 

 of the Eighty Years' War, written by a young 

 lady who employs the pseudonym of A. S. C. 

 Wallis. 



HUNGABY. A collection of ancient Mag- 

 yar songs by Toldy, and a life of Revay the 

 grammarian by Dr. Ban6czy, are valuable con- 

 tributions to the early literary history of the 

 country ; also, two bibliographical cyclopaedias 

 of Hungarian literature, one of general bib- 

 liography extending from 1484 to 1711 and 

 containing 1,793 different works, and the other 

 a catalogue of scientific publications down to 

 1875, and embracing 8,912 books and 2,834 

 periodicals. A large number of laborious works 

 on Hungarian history have appeared during 

 the year. Pulszky hate an interesting mono- 

 graph on the Celts in Hungary. The poetry 

 of the year is filled with melancholy and pes- 

 simism. Maurice Jokai has issued two new 

 novels, one of the time of the Napoleonic in- 

 vasion, and one whose plot is taken from Po- 

 lish history. Among the other books of fiction 

 is a psychological novel by Charles Vadnay. 

 A comedy by Gregorious Csiky depicts the 

 vanity of a coxcomb who fancies himself irre- 

 sistible in love. 



ITALY. In poetry two rival schools are 

 struggling for the palm. The realists are rep- 

 resented by Dr. Guerrini, who takes the pseu- 

 donym of Stecchetti, by Carducci, and numerous 

 others. Zendrini at Palermo, Gnoli at Rome, 

 Guerzoni at Padua, Giovanni Rizzi and Farina 

 at Milan, Bersezio at Turin, uphold with cour- 

 age the claims of poetry to the ideal, and deal 

 from time to time damaging blows at the new 

 school. Of novels may be specified "L'Oro 

 Nascosto" of Salvatore Farina, "Lutezia," 

 by A. G. Barrili, and " Notti Insonni," by R. 

 Stuart. Among the volumes of verse, besides 

 the " Iside" of Prati and the Elzevir editions 

 of the school of Carducci and Stecohetti, may 

 be specified Rizzi's u Un Grido." The elegant 

 translation of Shakespeare by Carcano has 

 reached the seventh volume. Among the most 

 noteworthy historical works are the " Storia 

 della Monarchia Piemontese," from 1792 to 

 1798, by Nicomede Bianchi, and the new edi- 

 tion of the important monograph of Domenico 

 Berti on the prosecution of Galileo. A young 

 Bolognese historian, Edoardo Alvisi, has pub- 

 lished a new volume on Cesare Borgia, and 

 prints in it several highly interesting docu- 

 ments hitherto inedited. Professor Ciampi, of 

 the University of Rome, has put forth a mono- 

 graph, enriched with new documents, on Inno- 

 cent X. and his court. B. E. Maineri has 

 printed the correspondence between Daniel 

 Manin and Giorgio Pallavicino. Pallavicino, 

 who died this year, was one of the fellow- 

 sufferers of Silvio Pellico, only the place of his 

 imprisonment wag Gradisca, and not Spielberg. 



Another victim of Austria, who was confined 

 in the fortress of Josephstadt, was the amiable 

 Veronese poet Aleardo Aleardi, who died this 

 year of a. stroke of apoplexy. Bonghi has pub- 

 lished a volume of "Ritratti Contemporanei " 

 (Cavour, Bismarck, Thiers), and one on the 

 treaty of Berlin. The " Lettere Meridional! " of 

 Villari are terribly eloquent, and have called the 

 attention of Italians to the social question and 

 the necessity of improving matters. Of the 

 important " Storia della Litteratura Italiana," 

 Professor Adolfo Bartoli has brought out the 

 first volume. In ** Prologomeni alia Moderna 

 Psicogenia" Professor Pietro Siciliani ex- 

 pounds the doctrines of Messrs. Darwin, Spen- 

 cer, and Bain. 



NORWAY. The Bishop of Christiansand, 

 Jorgen Moe, poet and comparative mytholo- 

 gist, has published his complete works. From 

 Bjornson's pen, a novel (' Magnhild") is no- 

 ticeable for its leaning toward the realistic 

 school. Among historical works, the most 

 notable is the second volume of J. E. Sars's 

 " Outline of Norse History." which proceeds 

 from the death of Olaf the Saint to Magnus 

 Lagaboter. Among scientific publications, those 

 of most importance have been "Mollusca Re- 

 gionis Articae Norvegicae " and the " Inverte- 

 brate Fauna of the Mediterranean," by G. O. 

 Sars, and Blyatt's great " Flora of Norway," 

 which is now at last concluded. 



PORTUGAL. An exceedingly valuable monu- 

 ment of Provencal literature has been published, 

 the "Cancioneiro Portuguez" of the Vatican 

 Library; it contains 1,205 songs, and it can 

 safely be said that in no collection in the libra- 

 ries of Europe is there a Cancioneiro of equal 

 merit, or one so rich in the traditional and 

 popular element. A collection of popular fairy 

 tales by F. A. Coelho is an invaluable contri- 

 bution to the study of comparative literature. 

 Senhor Ramalho Ortigao continues the publi- 

 cation of the "Farpas," a review of manners 

 and customs, besides containing general criti- 

 cism. Poetry abounds, but unfortunately it is 

 founded on the school of Baudelaire. " Primo 

 Bazilio " is a romance descriptive of Lisbon 

 life by EC. a de Queiroz, a worthy pupil of Zola, 

 and quite capable of competing with him. 



RUSSIA. In Russia we must expect that the 

 dullness, the lack of production, which marked 

 the year of the war, will continue until some 

 event within the country awakens hope, stirs 

 enthusiasm, and incites to patient effort, and 

 the inherent vitality of the national spirit re- 

 exerts itself. It is impossible not to note the 

 falling off in literary production in Russia. 

 One visible way in which the war affected 

 Russian literature, which showed, too, the in- 

 terest taken in the war, was the impulse given 

 to the newspaper press, while the circulation 

 of the literary reviews and journals fell off. 

 The " Annals of the Fatherland," the organ of 

 the radical doctrinaire school, tried for two 

 years to ignore and to deny the deep interest 

 which the Russian people took in the events 



