METEOROLOGY. 



539 



sion of Cape Colony, first instituted in 1861, 

 and reorganized in 1874, has published the 

 earlier observations, and will, it is understood, 

 soon publish some results of its recent work. 

 It receives reports from 30 or 40 stations, and 

 expects to greatly increase the number. The 

 Royal Observatory at Cape Town maintains 

 an independent series of meteorological obser- 

 vations. 



Ceylon. The Surveyor-General, Colonel Fy- 

 ers, of Colombo, receives reports from about 

 30 stations, which are now partially published 

 in Blanford's " Indian Meteorology." 



Chili. An extensive system of observations 

 has been maintained since 1867 at the observa- 

 tory at Santiago, under J. J. Vergara, which 

 has also been constituted the National Meteoro- 

 logical Office, and now receives reports regular- 

 ly from 13 or more stations. These are fully 

 published annually, and special memoirs appear 

 in the annals of the university, of the Hydro- 

 graphic Office, etc. 



China. A system of observations and re- 

 ports, under the direction of the Inspector- 

 General of Chinese Maritime Customs, has been 

 promised, but- nothing has as yet appeared. 

 Instruments for equipping 20 stations were 

 procured in 1874 by Mr. Hart, and in 1876 Mr. 

 J. D. Campbell reported that he hoped soon to 

 begin observations. 



Costa, Rica. A central office for statistics 

 and meteorology is maintained, but the capi- 

 tal is the only station known of. 



Denmark. The Royal Danish Meteorologi- 

 cal Institute, under Captain Hoffmeyer, at Co- 

 penhagen, receives reports from 12 principal 

 (8 by telegraph) and 70 minor stations in Den- 

 mark, also from 5 in Iceland and 5 in Green- 

 land. It publishes daily bulletins, annual vol- 

 umes, and a very important daily chart of the 

 Atlantic Ocean with Europe and North Amer- 

 ica. It has lately published Tycho Brahe's me- 

 teorological diary, 1560-1580. 



Egypt. The principal meteorological service 

 is that of the lighthouse-keepers, under Mr. 

 "William Hard castle, the engineer of Egyptian 

 lighthouses, at Alexandria. There is also a 

 meteorological service attached to the staff of 

 General Stone. Observations are also made at 

 the observatories under Mahmud Bey at Ab- 

 bassieh, near Cairo, and under Pirena at Alex- 

 andria : they have also been taken under the 

 orders of Lesseps at stations on the Suez Ca- 

 nal, but only partially published. 



Finland. The Scientific Association of Fin- 

 land (Fenska Vettenskaps), at Helsingfors, 

 maintains 22 stations, and publishes its own 

 results. The observatory at Helsingfors is in- 

 dependently maintained. Both are indepen- 

 dent of the central office at St. Petersburg. 



France. The Meteorological Department of 

 the Paris Observatory, maintained by Leverrier 

 until his death, was in 1878 transformed into 

 a separate organization, called the Bureau Cen- 

 tral de Meteorologie, under the direction of 

 Professor E. Mascart. The French depart- 



ments preserve their separate meteorological 

 organization?. The observatory at Montsouris 

 continues in the Hydrographic Office, under 

 the directorship of Marie-Davy. The Meteor- 

 ological Association of France continues its 

 own stations. The Bureau Central publishes 

 daily bulletins, weather-charts, and storm- warn- 

 ings, and in conjunction with the Association 

 Scientifique de France the annual volumes 

 of the "Atlas Meteorologiquo de France"; 

 and it is in correspondence with a large num- 

 ber of observers (12 telegraphic), but all of 

 whose observations are not systematically pub- 

 lished, except in special cases, in the "At- 

 las des Orages." At Montsouris Marie-Davy 

 publishes his important "Bulletin Ilebdoma- 

 daire " and his " Annuaire." The Meteorolo- 

 gical Association corresponds with about 50 

 observers, many of whom are in distant por- 

 tions of the world ; it publishes its " Annuaire " 

 and " Nouvelles Meteorologiques." The Asso- 

 ciation Scientifique de France has also pub- 

 lished since 1874 the rainfall of France, giving 

 detailed reports from about 900 rain-gauges 

 the whole edited by Belgrand, of the Depot 

 des Fonts et Chaussees. The stations on the 

 Pic-du-Midi are specially maintained by Gen- 

 eral Nansouty. In the Naval Depot of Charts 

 and Plans there is organized a Bureau of Nau- 

 tical Meteorology, which collates the logs of 

 all French vessels ; its results are published in 

 the " Annales Hydrographiques " and in sepa- 

 rate charts, such as that of Brault. 



Germany. The general meteorological sys- 

 tem of the German Empire is in charge of Pro- 

 fessor G. Neumayer, and has its headquarters 

 at the Deutsche Seewarte in Hamburg. It 

 maintains about 40 stations (27 telegraphic), 

 publishes daily weather maps and predictions, 

 storm- warnings, and monthly weather reviews; 

 it receives a large number of logs from German 

 vessels. The Imperial Commission to investi- 

 gate the German seas has its headquarters at 

 Kiel; it publishes annual volumes in monthly 

 parts, edited by the Secretary, Professor G. 

 Karsten. The German Forest Commission, 

 with its headquarters at Berlin, maintains sev- 

 eral stations for meteorological observations. 



Among the numerous subordinate meteoro- 

 logical organizations of Germany are the fol- 

 lowing : Bavaria. The Forest Commission 

 maintains 7 meteorological stations, under Pro- 

 fessor E. Ebermayer, of Aschaffenburg. Mete- 

 orological observations are maintained at the 

 Royal Observatory in Munich, under Profess- 

 or Lamont, and published annually. A .decree 

 of December, 1878, has established a general 

 system of meteorology for Bavaria, under Pro- 

 fessor von Bezold at Munich, which will main- 

 tain 34 new first-class stations these will mostly 

 begin in 1879. Baden. The stations in this 

 state are in charge of the Statistical Bureau, 

 under Dr. Sohncke, of Carlsruhe. Prussia. 

 About 30 stations report to the Royal Prussian 

 Meteorological Institute, under the direction 

 of Professor Dove at Berlin. Saxony. About 



