540 



METEOROLOGY. 



40 stations report to Professor Bruhns, Direct- 

 or of the Observatory at Leipsic. Wurtem- 

 fo r ^_The system of this state is in charge of 

 Professor Schoder at Stuttgart. 



Besides the annual summaries published by 

 these respective bureaus, they began in 1876 

 to publish in uniform style, in accordance with 

 the recommendations of the Vienna Congress, 

 the observations made at 17 selected stations. 

 The whole number of well-equipped stations in 

 Germany is about 200, and slowly increasing. 



Great Britain. The general meteorological 

 work is in charge of the Meteorological Com- 

 mittee or Council of the Royal Society, to which 

 Mr. R. H. Scott is secretary, and is in charge 

 of their meteorological office in London. This 

 committee wholly maintains 7 stations with 

 self-recording instruments, receives telegraphic 

 reports from 29 British stations, publishes daily 

 weather maps, bulletins, storm-warnings, and 

 signals, quarterly weather reports with fac- 

 simile registers of the seven stations, annual 

 reports, and many special investigations. It 

 receives observations from several hundred 

 vessels at sea, and collates the data. About 

 80 well-equipped voluntary or unpaid observ- 

 ers on land, and a large number of minor sta- 

 tions, correspond with the office. The medical 

 department of the army maintains numerous 

 observers at military forts throughout the Brit- 

 ish colonies, some of which also report to the 

 London office. The Royal Engineers and Ord- 

 nance Survey offices maintain several stations. 

 The rainfall of Great Britain is especially at- 

 tended to by Mr. G. J. Symons, to whom over 

 1,500 rainfall observers report monthly, and a 

 summary of their observations is published an- 

 nually in " The British Rainfall." He also pub- 

 lishes "Symons' Monthly Magazine," which is 

 devoted especially to the rainfall of Great Brit- 

 ain. This great system of observations was 

 originally developed by the aid of the British 

 Association for the Advancement of Science. 

 The Registrars-General for England and for 

 Scotland publish quarterly reports from nu- 

 merous stations. The Meteorological Society 

 of London publishes a quarterly journal of me- 

 moirs and containing reports from 26 stations. 

 The Scottish Meteorological Society of Edin- 

 burgh receives reports from 10 foreign and 95 

 domestic stations, and 170 rainfall stations, 

 and publishes abstracts in its quarterly jour- 

 nal; it also furnishes synopses for 55 sta- 

 tions to the Registrar-General, and cooperates 

 with the Scotch Herring-Fishery Commission. 

 The Alpine Club of England maintains several 

 observing stations in the Alps. The Green- 

 wich, Edinburgh, Radcliffe or Oxford, Liver- 

 pool or Bidston, and other observatories, pub- 

 lish their own observations. The Hydographer 

 to the Admiralty (F. J. Evans) publishes wind 

 and current charts and pilot charts, based on 

 numerous observations made on shipboard. 



Greece. This country maintains but one me- 

 teorological observer, who is in connection with 

 the astronomical observatory of the Universi- 



ty of Athens, under the direction of Professor 

 C. E. Schmidt. 



India. In this empire the provinces of Ben- 

 gal, the Punjab, the Northwest, Madras, etc.,' 

 have maintained and continue special indepen- 

 dent systems of meteorological reports ; but a 

 remarkable step has been taken by the establish- 

 ment in 1875 of a general meteorological office 

 in the Department of Revenue, Agriculture, and 

 Commerce. The head of this office is entitled 

 Meteorological Reporter to the Government of 

 India, and Mr. H. F. Blanford received the first 

 appointment, he having been for eight years 



grevious the reporter to the Government of 

 engal. The provincial officers previously 

 enumerated, as well as the observers of the San- 

 itary Commissions and of the Geodetic Survey 

 office, still continue their labors ; and Mr. Blan- 

 ford has been able to unite all these, together 

 with additional stations, and by the publication 

 of his annual volumes for 1875-'76 has intro- 

 duced a new phase in the history of the meteo- 

 rology of this important country. About 300 

 stations report by mail to Mr. Blanford, and 

 about 50 stations contribute by telegraph to his 

 daily weather bulletin. The office has pub- 

 lished a " Vade Mecum, or Instruction to Ob- 

 servers," an introduction to meteorology, which 

 is the best text-book on the subject that has 

 yet appeared. It also publishes a series of 

 volumes entitled "Indian Meteorological Me- 

 moirs," and also annual volumes of "Indian 

 Meteorology," besides the daily, weekly, and 

 monthly bulletins and special storm-warnings. 

 Mr. J. Eliot, acting in Mr. Blanford's absence, 

 quite successfully foretold months in advance 

 the general character of the rain and weather 

 for 1878. 



Italy. Numerous independent meteorologi- 

 cal organizations exist in this country, of which 

 we enumerate the following : 1. The Stazione 

 Ozonomatico-Meteorologia, Cam pidoglio, Rome, 

 a private institution for the promotion of Ital- 

 ian meteorology, established in 1846 by Cathe- 

 rina Scarpellini ; publishes a monthly bulletin. 

 2. The Italian Alpine Club, established about 

 1863, publishes a monthly bulletin of observa- 

 tions at about 70 stations, summarized by dec- 

 ades. 3. The observatory of Moncalieri pub- 

 lishes a monthly bulletin, giving a summary of 

 observations at numerous stations in northern 

 Italy. 4. The observatory at Turin publishes 

 a monthly bulletin of its own observations. 

 5. The observatory at Pesaro publishes month- 

 ly graphic charts of its own observations. 6. 

 The observatory at Venice publishes its own 

 observations monthly. 7. The observatory at 

 Naples publishes monthly its own observations. 

 8. The observatory of the Roman College pub- 

 lishes the " Bullettino," which has been for 

 many years the best known meteorological and 

 astronomical journal in Italy. It was founded 

 by Secchi, and is now continued by his success- 

 or. 9. An attempt was made in 1863 to deal 

 with Italian meteorology in a general way by 

 the establishment of two meteorological offices, 



