METEOROLOGY. 



541 



one under Matteucci in the Department of the 

 Marine, the other under Maestu in the Depart- 

 ment of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce. 

 The latter, beginning with 1865, has continued 

 to publish a monthly bulletin, giving in detail 

 observations at 80 selected stations ; for several 

 years it also published a bulletin by decades 

 for 25 or 30 stations, but has now returned to 

 the monthly bulletin. Special memoirs are 

 published as supplements. The former office 

 has published the daily bulletin, storm-predic- 

 tions, etc. In 1877" both these offices were 

 transferred to the Minister of Public Instruc- 

 tion, where they are now united in one under 

 G. Oantoni, and the monthly bulletin and me- 

 moirs continue to be published. 10. In 1876 

 a call for the formation of a general Italian 

 meteorological association was issued by Pro- 

 fessor Ragona, which was organized in 1877, 

 and has thus far issued two volumes of a month- 

 ly journal devoted to the interests of mete- 

 orology. 



Japan. Meteorological observations are 

 made at the observatory of the Imperial Uni- 

 versity under the Department of Public In- 

 struction ; also at the Imperial Colleges of Min- 

 ing and of Engineering, under the Department 

 of Public Works. Under this latter department 

 also an extensive system of records has been 

 kept by the lighthouse-keepers. Under the 

 same department, and in connection with its 

 telegraph service, it has been determined to 

 equip about 20 stations, from whose reports in 

 the near future a daily telegraph bulletin may 

 be expected. 



Mauritius. The Meteorological Association 

 of Mauritius was established in the year 1851. 

 It has published irregular monthly notices, 

 maintains a large number of rainfall stations, 

 and gives warnings of the presence of such 

 storms as pass near the island. Mr. 0. Mel- 

 drum, Secretary of the Society, is well known 

 by his contributions to meteorology. 



Mexico. No general system of meteorologi- 

 cal observations existed until a central office 

 was established in Mexico in 1876, under the 

 Department of Public Works. It publishes a 

 daily telegraphic bulletin of observations at 

 about 30 stations, also monthly summaries, etc. 

 The Geographical and Statistical Society has 

 published a review of the meteorology of the 

 city of Mexico. The Sociedad Andres del Rio, 

 founded in 1878 by the graduates of the School 

 of Engineering in Mexico, includes meteorol- 

 ogy among the sciences which it cultivates. 



Netherlands. The Central Meteorological 

 Institute of the Netherlands, under the direc- 

 tion of Professor Buys-Ballot, maintains 14 full 

 and 23 minor stations (4 telegraphic), issues 

 storm-warnings, and publishes important an- 

 nual volumes. The office also collects a great 

 many marine logs, and publishes important 

 charts relating to ocean meteorology. A large 

 number of stations for observing rainfall re- 

 port to the central stations in Holland, Bra- 

 bant, Groningen, Utrecht, etc. In its distant 



colonies the most important meteorological sta- 

 tion is the observatory at Batavia, under Bergs- 

 ma, which has published elaborate tables and 

 discussions of hourly observations. 



New Zealand. The many early meteorolo- 

 gical stations in this colony were conducted in 

 part by colonial and in part by home organi- 

 zations (the British Meteorological Society, 

 the Royal Engineers, Registrar-General, etc.). 

 The office of Meteorological Reporter to the Col- 

 ony was established in 1859, and Dr. 0. Knight 

 appointed. Dr. James Hectdr succeeded him 

 in 1867, to whom the direction of the Geologi- 

 cal Survey was also transferred. About 20 

 stations are now maintained. 



Norway. The Royal Meteorological Insti- 

 tute of Norway (established in 1866), under 

 Professor Mohn at Christiania, receives reports 

 from 10 full stations (7 telegraphic), 10 light- 

 houses, and a large number of minor stations, 

 and logs of vessels. A telegraphic daily bulle- 

 tin has been published since 1861, originally 

 by the Telegraph Bureau, but now by the Insti- 

 tute. The meteorological observatory at the 

 University of Christiania was founded in 1836. 



Philippine Islands. The observatory of the 

 Jesuit College at Manila, in Luzon, is the only 

 station permanently occupied. It publishes an 

 annual summary of observations. 



Portugal. The meteorological observatory 

 of the Infante Dom Luiz (J. 0. de Brito Capel- 

 lo, director), at Lisbon, receives reports from 

 5 home and as many colonial stations, and 

 from the vessels of the Portuguese navy. The 

 observations made at Coimbra and at Lisbon 

 are published in full. It publishes a daily tel- 

 egraphic bulletin (10 telegraphic stations), and 

 repeats the storm-warnings sent from London 

 and Paris. 



Russia. Observations are made at most of 

 the universities, and are published in full inde- 

 pendently at Dorpat by Von Oettingen and Wie- 

 rauch, at Helsingfors by the Finland Government 

 Scientific Society, and at Tiflis by Moritz, and 

 Moscow by Ostrogorsky. The central mete- 

 orological office is in charge of Professor H. 

 Wild, Director of the Central Physical Ob- 

 servatory at St. Petersburg, and receives re- 

 ports from 130 well-equipped (50 telegraphic), 

 220 rainfall, and 310 thunder-storm stations, 

 distributed throughout the Russian posses- 

 sions, abstracts of which are published annu- 

 ally in the "Annalen." This central office 

 also publishes a daily telegraphic bulletin, dis- 

 plays storm -signals, and publishes volumes of 

 memoirs . and investigations. The Academy 

 of Sciences publishes special meteorological 

 investigations, such as Wesseloffsky's " Cli- 

 mate of Russia," and Yon Schrenck's "Expe- 

 dition," etc., in which latter are given in detail 

 such observations as are at hand relating to 

 the Amoor Valley. The Geographical Society 

 has contributed much to the advancement of 

 this study. 



South America. Besides the organizations 

 of Chili and the Argentine Republic, there are 



