586 



MONTENEGRO. 



it their duty to cut their throats, and he could 

 not protect them. The long residence of the 

 missionaries and their good behavior, sincerity, 

 and truth t'ul ness, have commended them per- 

 sonally to the Mohammedan as well as other 

 communities among whom they live, and they 

 have at length gained an important influence 

 on all subjects not directly bearing upon re- 

 ligion. The American missionaries in Turkey 

 were treated with the highest respect during 

 all the excitement of the war with Kussia. 

 The British and Foreign Bible Society reported 

 in May, 1878, that seventeen thousand Turkish 

 Bibles and parts of Scripture had been sold at 

 Constantinople within the last five years; a 

 good Arabic version of the Bible is in circu- 

 lation in Syria; and the last line of the last 

 translation of the Bible into the last of the lan- 

 guages spoken in the Turkish empire that 

 into the Osmanli Turkish was written three 

 weeks before the meeting of the Congress of 

 Berlin. The Presbyterian missionaries in Per- 

 sia determined in 1876 that they would make 

 special efforts for the conversion of Moham- 

 medans. They have done so, and have gained 

 a few converts, without having as yet met with 

 any organized opposition. The report of the 

 Church Missionary Society for 1878 mentions 

 the conversion of Mohammedans at Lagos, 

 Africa. In some parts of India, says Mr. 

 Hughes, the conversion of Mohammedans is 

 looked upon as almost hopeless, while in other 

 parts some of the best Christians are converts 

 from Mohammedanism. The New Testament 

 has been translated into the Afghan language 

 by the Presbyterian missionaries : an Afghan 

 version of the Old Testament exists, in the 

 Hindustani character, and Mr. Hughes is trans- 

 lating the Pentateuch ; and the Afghans have 

 the u Pilgrim's Progress" in their tongue. The 

 native church at Peshawer is presided over by 

 the Rev. Imam Shah, a convert from Moham- 

 medanism, and had among its members in 1875 

 about eighty baptized Mohammedans. The 

 Mohammedans of the Punjaub are also said to 

 be giving considerable attention to the gospel. 



MONTENEGRO, a principality of South- 

 eastern Europe. Reigning Prince, Nicholas I, 

 born October 7, 1841 ; declared Prince on Au- 

 gust 14, 1860, upon the death of Prince Danilo 

 I. He was married, November 8, 1860, to Mi- 

 lena, daughter of Petar Vukotitch. Children 

 of this marriage are one son, Danilo Alex- 

 ander, born June 30, 1871, and six daughters. 

 The area of the country in 1878 comprised 3,- 

 ! square miles. Of this, 1,814 square miles 

 was the area before the war, while the treaty of 

 Berlin had added 1,167 square miles from Her- 

 zegovina and 661 square miles from Albania. 



ie population before the war was estimated at 

 1 180,000; to this number were added 54,000 

 in Herzegovina and 52,000 in Albania, making 

 a total population of 286,000. Of this num- 

 ber, about 26,000 are Roman Catholics, about 

 the same number Mohammedans, and the re- 

 mainder belong to the Orthodox Greek Church. 



The number of Montenegrins living abroad 

 amounts to about 2,000; they are chiefly in 

 Austria, Russia, and Turkey. There are also 

 small Montenegrin colonies in Alexandria, 

 Egypt, and in San Francisco, California. The 

 largest cities are the capital, Cettigne, with 

 1,400 inhabitants; Njegos, with 4,000; Danilo- 

 grad, with 2,000; Autivari, with 8,000; Pod- 

 goritza, with 6,000; Nicsic, with 4,000; and 

 Spuz and Kolashin, with ,000 each. 



Nothing official is known of the finances of 

 the country, and its condition can only be ap- 

 proximately estimated. The Prince has an 

 income of 3,000 ducats, to which are added 

 a Russian subvention of 80,000 rubles, and an 

 Austrian of 20,000 florins, making a total of 

 185,000 florins. The revenue of the country 

 amounts to about 300,000 florins, of which 

 110,000 are indirect taxes, 20,000 are receipts 

 from convents, 15,000 from the salt monopoly, 

 5,000 fines, and 150,000 subventions. The ex- 

 penditures are estimated at 130,000 florins, of 

 which 35,000 are for the civil list, 14,500 for 

 the chiefs of the tribes, 6,600 for the Senate, 

 42,000 for education, and 31,900 for miscel- 

 laneous expenditures. In 1 876 Montenegro con- 

 tracted a debt of about 400,000 francs in Rus- 

 sia, which has been paid with Russian money. 

 The amount of the Turkish debt to be assumed 

 by Montenegro has not yet been determined. 

 There is no standing army, but every Montene- 

 grin is liable to military service in one of the 

 three classes which form the army, and which 

 comprise the entire male population. The first 

 class includes all men between the ages of seven- 

 teen and forty-eight, and numbers about 17,000. 

 The second class comprises all others between 

 the ages of fourteen and sixty, and has about 

 8,000 men; while the third class, including all 

 others from twelve years of age upward, is 

 about 5,000 strong. As every boy carries arms 

 from his tenth year, 3,000 boys can be added in 

 an emergency. The exports are Estimated at 

 2,000,000 florins. The post-office is in charge 

 of the Austrian Government, which has a di- 

 rector in Cettigne. There are 338 kilometres 

 of telegraph, and 15 telegraph stations. 



(For an account of the war with Turkey, see 

 TURKEY.) The treaty of Berlin (see EASTERN 

 QUESTION) recognized the independence of the 

 principality. "While the Porte up to that treaty 

 had always claimed the sovereignty over the 

 principality, it had but very seldom succeeded 

 in enforcing its claims. The independence of 

 the country was acknowledged by the Powers 

 in 1858, and its representative was admitted to 

 the commission which sat at Constantinople in 

 1859 for the adjustment of boundaries, but in 

 the face of protests of the Porte. By the treaty 

 of Berlin, however, the Porte finally recog- 

 nized the independence of the country, and at 

 the same time ceded to it a territory embra- 

 cing an area of more than its former size. In 

 Herzegovina the districts ceded are those of 

 Banyani and Rudine, Nicsic and Duga, Piva, 

 Drobuyak and Yezera, and Kolashin and Sa- 



