OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. 



651 



thah I. " described by Samuel Sharpe. He was 

 Curator of Sir John Soane's Museum. 



BOOTH, JAMES, LL. D., an English clergyman 

 and writer on scientific subjects, born in 1814, 

 died April 22, 1878. Besides a number of 

 smaller works and essays, he wrote "A New- 

 Method of Tangential Coordinates," and anno- 

 tated and edited " Speeches and Addresses of 

 the late Prince Consort." As an educational 

 writer he distinguished himself by a pamphlet 

 entitled "Examination the Province of the 

 State" (1846), in which he advocated those 

 principles of competitive examination which 

 the English Government and universities sub- 

 sequently adopted in the civil service and mid- 

 dle-class examinations. A theological treatise 

 was published by him in 1870 on " The Lord's 

 Supper, a Feast after Sacrifice, with Inquiries 

 into the Doctrine of Transubstantiation, and 

 tlie Principles of Development as applied to the 

 Interpretation of the Bible." 



BOTTIGER, KARL VILHELM, one of the most 

 distinguished Swedish poets of modern times, 

 born at Westerns, May 15, 1807, died in Up- 

 sala, December 24, 1878. After traveling ex- 

 tensively in central and southern Europe, he 

 was appointed in 1839 adjunct professor at the 

 University of Upsala. In 1839 he became ex- 

 traordinary Professor of Modern Literatures, in 

 1856 ordinary Professor of- ^Esthetics, and in 

 1858 Professor of European Linguistics. He 

 was pensioned in 1867. Most of his poems, 

 among which the lyric poems are especially 

 distinguished, are contained in his " Samlade 

 Skrifter" (4 vols., 1856-'69). He was also a 

 successful translator of German (Uhland) and 

 Italian (Dante, Tasso) poets, and the author 

 of a biography of his father-in-law, Tegner. 

 A selection of his poems has appeared in a 

 German translation (1844). In 1847 he was 

 elected a member of the Swedish Academy. 



BOUTARIO, EDGAR PAUL, a French historian, 

 born September 9, 1829, died January 4, 1878. 

 His principal works are : " La France sous 

 Philippe le Bel," and " Louis IX et Alphonse de 

 Poitiers." Each of these two works received 

 a prize from the Academy of Inscriptions. 



BRACHVOGEL, ALBERT EMIL, a German author, 

 born April 29, 1824, died November 27, 1878. 

 After having passed through the gymnasium of 

 his native city, Breslau, he was apprenticed to 

 an engraver. This trade he left upon the death 

 of his mother in 1845, and went to Vienna, 

 where he became an actor. His first attempt 

 on the stage, however, was so complete a fail- 

 ure that he left it. The following years he 

 spent in study, and in 1854 he became secretary 

 for Kroll's theatre in Berlin. Here he pro- 

 duced his drama " Narciss," which met with 

 an extraordinary success on the German stage, 

 and at once made him famous, not only in Ger- 

 many, but throughout the civilized world, as 

 it was translated into all the important lan- 

 guages of Europe. His other dramas, although 

 not as popular as "Narciss," show the same 

 peculiarities, a great talent for theatrical 



effects. He was also eminently successful as 

 a novelist. The best known of his novels 

 are: "Friedemann Bach" (3 vols., 3d edition, 

 1872); "Schubarth und seine Zeitgenossen " 

 (4 vols., 1864); "Beaumarchais" (4 vols., 1865); 

 "William Hogarth" (3 vols., 1866); "Der 

 deutsche Michel" (3 vols., 1868); and "Lud- 

 wig XIV., oder die Komodie des Lebens " (4 

 vols., 1870). He also published a collection of 

 biographies of distinguished men of modern 

 Germany, "Die Manner der neuen deutschen 

 Zeit " (1872 et seq.). 



BRAME, JULES Louis JOSEPH, a Senator of 

 France, born January 9, 1808, died February, 

 1878. He was a member of the Corps Legis- 

 latif from 1857 until the overthrow of the Em- 

 pire. In 1860 he was for a short time Minister 

 of Public Instruction. In the Senate, to which 

 he was elected from the Nord in 1876, he al- 

 ways acted with the Bonapartists. He was 

 one of the foremost speakers of the Protec- 

 tionist party. He wrote " L'fimigration des 

 Campagnes" (8vo, Lille, 1859). 



BRASSAIS SAINT-MARC, GODEFROY, a French 

 Cardinal, born February 4, 1806, died February 

 27, 1878. He was created Bishop of Rennes 

 in 1841. Napoleon III. raised his see to an 

 archbishopric, and on September 15, 1875, he 

 was created Cardinal. 



BULGARIS, DIMITRI, one of the most promi- 

 nent statesmen of modern Greece, born in 1 801, 

 died January 10, 1878. He belonged to an 

 old family of Hydra, and took an active part 

 in the Grecian war of independence. After 

 the overthrow of Capo d'Istria in 1831, which 

 was in great part his work, he became for a 

 short time Minister of the Navy, but he re- 

 signed soon after the arrival of King Otho. 

 He was Minister of Finance from 1848 to 1849, 

 and during the Crimean war became Prime 

 Minister and Minister of the Interior. He re- 

 signed in 1857, as he disagreed with the policy 

 of the court, and became in the Senate the 

 leader of a determined opposition against the 

 Bavarian dynasty. After the dethronement 

 of King Otho in 1862, he was proclaimed re- 

 gent, and formed a definite regency in union 

 with Canaris and Rufos. In this position he 

 attained the most brilliant part of his career, 

 possessing an almost unlimited power. In Feb- 

 ruary, 1863, an insurrection of the army com- 

 pelled him to resign, and he lived in retirement 

 until he became in 1865 again for a few months 

 Prime Minister. During the frequent changes 

 of ministry which characterize the recent his- 

 tory of Greece, Bulgaris was several times 

 appointed Prime Minister, but always had to 

 resign after a few months. Greece is greatly 

 indebted to him for the material progress which 

 it has made since the establishment of its inde- 

 pendence. 



Buss, FRANZ JOSEPH VON, a Catholic jurist 

 and writer of Germany, born March 23, 1803, 

 died February 1, 1878. After studying at 

 the Universities of Freiburg, Heidelberg, and 

 Gottingen, he obtained the degree of Doctor 



