OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. 



659 



in its production. He prepared a complete edi- 

 tion of his works under the title of " Die Me- 

 chanik der Warme" (1867; 2d edition, 1874). 

 His last works were u Naturwissenschaftliche 

 Vortrage" (1871), and "Die Torricellische 

 Leere und uber Auslosung" (1876). 



MEHEMET ALI PASHA, a Turkish general, died 

 September 6, 1878. (See "Annual Cyclopae- 

 dia " for 1877, and TURKEY.) ' 



MIEROSLAWSKI, LUDWIK, a Polish revolution- 

 ist and military writer, born at Nemours, 

 France, in 1814, died in Paris, November 13, 

 1878. He was the son of a Polish officer in 

 the French army and of a French mother. As 

 a pupil of the military school at Kalisz, he 

 joined, in 1830, the Polish revolutionists, and 

 being soon made an officer, he greatly distin- 

 guished himself. After the suppression of the 

 revolution he took up his residence at Paris, 

 and published several novels of a political ten- 

 dency in Polish, and several historical works 

 in French. In 1840 he joined the Democratic 

 party of the Polish emigration, became a mem- 

 ber of its central committee, and was desig- 

 nated as the military chief of the next revo- 

 lution. He now devoted himself with great 

 energy to the study of military science, and 

 produced several works of great value. He 

 was the leading spirit in the Polish conspiracy 

 of 1846, and was arrested and sentenced to 

 death, but subsequently pardoned. Having 

 been liberated in March, 1848, he took an ac- 

 tive part in the revolutionary movements of 

 1848-'49 in Polish Prussia, in Sicily, and in 

 Baden, but was everywhere unsuccessful, and 

 subsequently lived in retirement in Versailles. 

 He again joined in the insurrection of 1863, 

 but once more was defeated, and returned to 

 France. He wrote several more works on the 

 revolutionary movements among the Poles, in 

 which he severely censured the Polish nobility. 



MITCHELL, Sir WILLIAM, born in 1811, died 

 May 1, 1878. When still quite young he became 

 editor and proprietor of the ''Shipping and 

 Mercantile Gazette," which he conducted for 

 over thirty years. But he was better known 

 for his service to maritime commerce, especial- 

 ly for the establishment of the International 

 Code of Signals, which has since been quite gen- 

 erally adopted by the Governments of Europe 

 and America. For these and other services he 

 was knighted in 1867. He was the editor of a 

 useful work entitled " Maritime N otes and Que- 

 ries : a Record of Shipping Law and Usage " 

 (1874). 



MONAHAN, JAMES HENRY, an Irish lawyer, 

 born in 1805, died December 8, 1878. He was 

 educated at Trinity College, Dublin, was called 

 to theIrish bar in 1828, was appointed Solicitor- 

 General for Ireland in 1846, Attorney-General 

 in 1847, and Lord Chief Justice of the Court of 

 Common Pleas in 1850, from which position 

 he retired in 1876. He represented Gal way in 

 Parliament for a short time in 1847. 



MONTGOMERY, Sir HENRY OONYNGHAM, Bart., 

 born June 10, 1803, died June 25, 1878. He was 



appointed by Mr. Canning to a writership in the 

 East India Company in 1825, served in India 

 in many distinguished positions, and was ulti- 

 mately Secretary to tlie Government of Madras 

 and a member of Council. On his return from 

 India in 1858 he was appointed one of the In- 

 dian Council, and in this position served for 

 eighteen years. On his retirement he was 

 made a member of the Privy Council. 



MOZLEY, JAMES BOWLINGAN, an English cler- 

 gyman, born in 1813, died January 4, 1878. He 

 was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, where 

 he graduated B. A. in 1834, was soon afterward 

 elected to a fellowship at Magdalen College, 

 and in 1856 was presented by that society to 

 the vicarage of Old Shoreham. In 1869 he 

 was appointed Canon of Worcester, and in 

 1871 became Regius Professor of Divinity and 

 Canon of Christ Church, Oxford. He was 

 the author of a number of theological works, 

 among which are " A Treatise on the Augustin- 

 ian Doctrine of Predestination" (1855), "The 

 Primitive Doctrine of Baptismal Regeneration " 

 (1856), and "Eight Lectures on Miracles 

 Bampton Lectures" (1865). 



MULLER, JULIUS, a German theologian, born 

 April 10, 1801, died September 27, 1878. He 

 was a younger brother of the great archaeolo- 

 gist and historian Karl Otfried Muller, who 

 died in 1875. He was originally destined for 

 the legal profession, but devoted himself to 

 theology, became a pupil of Neander, and was 

 greatly influenced by him. He became Profes- 

 sor of Theology in the University of Halle in 

 1839, and retained this position until his death. 

 His principal work is " Die christliche Lehre 

 von der Siinde" (2 vols., 5th edition, 1867). 

 His work, "Die evangelische Union" (1854), 

 was regarded as the ablest apology of the fun- 

 damental principle on which the union of Ger- 

 man Lutherans and German Reformed into the 

 United Evangelical Church was founded. He 

 was one of the assistant editors of the " Stu- 

 dien und Kritiken," one of the leading theo- 

 logical periodicals of Germany. 



MURAT. Prince NAPOLEON LUCTEN, born May 

 16, 1803,' died April 10, 1878. He was the 

 second son of King Joachim Murat of Naples 

 and Caroline, the third sister of Napoleon I. 

 After the death of his father he lived for some 

 time in Trieste and Venice, and then went to 

 the United States, where in 1837 he married 

 Miss Caroline Georgina Fraser. In 1848 he 

 returned to France, was elected into the Con- 

 stituent and Legislative Assemblies, and after 

 the coup d'etat received the rank and position 

 of a prince of the imperial house. After the 

 expulsion of the King of Naples from his do- 

 minions, Prince Murat put forth his claims to 

 the throne of Naples, but soon (1861) emphat- 

 ically disclaimed it, as was believed, in com- 

 pliance with a remonstrance from the Emperor 

 Napoleon. In 1870 he was shut up with Ba- 

 zaine in Metz, and after the capitulation of 

 that fortress was sent prisoner to Germany. 



OLDHAM, THOMAS, a British geologist, born 



