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OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. 



in May, 1816, died July 17, 1878. He was 

 educated in Trinity College, Dublin, and in 

 1845 was appointed Professor of Geology. In 

 1850 he was appointed to organize the geologi- 

 cal survey of India. This position, in which 

 he displayed great activity, he held up to 1876. 



PALIKAO, CHARLES GUILLAUME MAEIE APOL- 

 LINAIRE ANTOINE COUSIN-MONTAUBAN, Comte 

 de, a French general, born June 24, 1796, died 

 January 8, 1878. After serving for more than 

 twenty years in Africa, he was in 1860 ap- 

 pointed to the command of the expedition to 

 China, and in reward for his services was cre- 

 ated a Senator, with the title of Comte de Pa- 

 likao, his name being derived from Pa-li-kia-ho 

 in China, where he had especially distinguished 

 himself. At the outbreak of the war with 

 Prussia in 1870, he 'was appointed Minister of 

 Wai and President of the Cabinet, which po- 

 sition he held until the overthrow of the em- 

 pire. He then fled to Belgium, and in Decem- 

 ber, 1871, published a vindication of his ad- 

 ministration. 



PENN, JOHN, a British marine engineer, born 

 1805, died September 23, 1878. His name is 

 inseparably connected with the development 

 of steam as a propelling power at sea. He was 

 eminently successful in the* construction of 

 trunk-engines, designed for the propulsion of 

 fighting-ships by the screw, and capable of 

 being placed so far below the water-line as to 

 be safe from an enemy's shot. At the time of 

 his death he and his firm had fitted 735 vessels 

 with engines, having an aggregate actual power 

 of more than 500,000 horses. He retired from 

 business in 1875, leaving it -in charge of his 

 two eldest sons, who now employ over 2,000 

 workmen. 



PETEBMAJTN, AUGUST, a German geographer, 

 born April 18, 1822, died September 25, 1878. 

 At the age of seventeen he entered the Potsdam 

 Cartographic Institution, and as a pupil of Dr. 

 Berghaus speedily gave promise of his future 

 accomplishments. From Potsdam he went to 

 Edinburgh to assist in the preparation of John- 

 ston's " Physical Atlas," and here distinguished 

 himself in such a manner that he received a 

 call to London as Geographer Royal. There 

 he began to make those acquaintances which 

 afterward aided him so materially in his labors, 

 by sending to him from all parts of the world 

 even the smallest and least important bits of 

 information. In 1854 he went to Gotha to 

 take charge of the newly established geograph- 

 ical institute of Justus Perthes. He at once 

 stabhshed the "Mittheilungen aus Justus Per- 

 thes geographischer Anstalt," a monthly maga- 

 zine, which, although taking root at first rath- 

 slowly, gradually spread through the world. 

 During bis residence in Gotha he ceaselessly 



rove to promote geographical science, dis- 

 tiDguiliing himself particularly in connection 

 with African and Polar exploration. No Ger- 

 man expeditions, and very few from other coun- 



les, went to Africa without seeking his ad- 

 3 and having their course practically laid 



out by him ; while in many cases, as in that of 

 Karl Mauch, it was he who obtained the neces- 

 sary funds for the prosecution of the explora- 

 tion. He was virtually the first who gave to 

 Arctic explorations a proper course. As a 

 cartographer he stands among the foremost of 

 modern times. His maps of the Polar regions 

 are unexcelled, while his large map of the 

 United States is considered one of the best, if 

 not the very best, of this country. He also 

 gave to Stieler's large atlas, of which he pre- 

 pared the latest editions, its great celebrity. 



PEELLEB, FEIEDBIOH, a German painter, born 

 April 25, 1804, died April 23, 1878. He stud- 

 ied in Dresden, Weimar, Antwerp, and Italy, 

 and held for many years the position of Pro- 

 fessor of Drawing in the Weimar Academy of 

 Fine Arts. He was particularly esteemed for 

 his large cartoons and for his frescoes. His 

 best known works are a series of seven car- 

 toons from scenes in the Odyssey, and a series 

 of landscape from the same poem. 



RASPAIL, FEANgois VINCENT, a French nat- 

 uralist and politician, born January 29, 1794, 

 died January 8, 1878. In 1815 he went to 

 Paris, and soon gained considerable reputation 

 by several discoveries in natural science. He 

 was one of the most violent revolutionists of 

 France in the present century, but was honored 

 and respected even by his opponents for his 

 purity of character and his learning. He was 

 wounded in the revolution of 1830. He after- 

 ward opposed Louis Philippe, and, in conse- 

 quence of several articles published in 1834, 

 was imprisoned for a number of years. In 

 1848 he was one of the leaders of the people, 

 but was soon again imprisoned for five years. 

 Upon the expiration of his term he went to 

 Belgium. He was elected to the Corps Legis- 

 latif in 1869, and to the Chamber of Deputies 

 in 1876 and 1877. As the oldest member of 

 the Chamber, it devolved upon him both in 

 1876 and 1877 to open its sessions. In the lat- 

 ter year he delivered a speech on the occasion 

 remarkable for its moderation. He was the 

 author of a large number of works on natural 

 history, which all met with great favor. 



RAVENSWOETH, HENET THOMAS LIDDELL, 

 Earl of, born March 10, 1797, died March 19, 

 1878. He sat in Parliament for Northumber- 

 land from 1826 to 1830, for Durham from 1837 

 to 1847, and for Liverpool from 1853 to 1855. 

 He succeeded his father as Baron Ravensworth 

 in 1855, and was created an earl in 1874. He 

 translated the odes of Horace into English 

 lyric verse, and also translated and published 

 the last six books of the JSneid. 



REGNAULT, HENRI VIOTOE, a French physi- 

 cist, born July 21, 1810, died January 10, 1878. 

 He studied at the Polytechnic School of Paris, 

 became Professor of Physical Science there and 

 in the College de France, and was chief engi- 

 neer of mines from 1847 to 1854. His " Cours 

 elementaire de Chimie" (4 vols., 14th edi- 

 tion, 1871) and ''Premiers Elements de Chi- 

 mie " (6th edition, 1874) have had a wide cir- 



