690 



PIUS IX. 



PORTUGAL. 



ly on the defensive. The Austrians on their 

 part invaded the Papal territory, defeating the 

 Pope's army, which had been greatly enlarged 

 in number (25,000) by volunteers. The popu- 

 lar indignation against the Pope's ministers 

 compelled them to resign, and in September 

 a new ministry was formed, with Count Rossi 

 at its head. He was assassinated November 

 loth. A few days later the Pope fled in dis- 

 guise from Rome, and took refuge in Gaeta, in 

 the kingdom of Naples. The republic was now 

 proclaimed at Rome. . Pius remained nearly 

 eighteen months at Gaeta. Rome was invested 

 by a French army under General Oudinot, to 

 whom it surrendered July 1, 1849. Until the 

 return of the Pope on April 12, 1850, the gov- 

 ernment was administered, under the protection 

 of the French army, by a Papal commission. 

 In view of the unsettled state of Italy and the 

 failure of his early attempts at liberalizing the 

 government, the Pope now declared himself 

 unable to proceed with the reforms which had 

 been set on foot before the revolution. In 

 September, 1860, a Sardinian army of 50,000 

 men invaded the Papal territory, and defeated 

 the little Papal army under Lamoriciere at 

 Ancona. All the States of the Church were 

 now seized by the Sardinian troops, with the 

 exception of Rome and Civita Vecchia, and 

 certain districts that were occupied by the 

 French army. Finally, on the 20th of Sep- 

 tember, 1870, an Italian army entered Rome, 

 and the temporal power of the Pope was at an 

 end. From that day until his death Pius secluded 

 himself in the palace of the Vatican, where he 

 was pleased to consider himself a prisoner. 



In administering the affairs of the Church, 

 Pius IX. displayed enterprise, firmness, and 

 untiring devotion. Three of his acts as head 

 of the Church are destined to make his pon- 

 tificate for ever memorable in the history of 

 Catholicism. The first of these was the defi- 

 nition of the dogma of the Immaculate Concep- 

 tion of the Virgin Mary, which was solemnly 

 promulgated December 8, 1854, in the presence 

 of a great multitude of bishops congregated from 

 all quarters of the globe. The second act, the 

 publication (December 8, 1864) of the famous 

 Encyclical and Syllabus, was a condemnation, 

 under the most solemn sanctions, of many of 

 the principles which are currently held to per- 

 tain to the essence of modern civilization, such 

 as freedom of conscience and of the press, the 

 separation of Church and State, secular educa- 

 tion, etc. The last of his three great acts was 

 the definition of the dogma of Papal infalli- 



lity in the Council of the Vatican on July 

 18, 1870. The essential portion of the decree 

 which contains the definition of this tenet of 

 Koman Catholicism is as follows : " We teach 

 and define that it is a dogma divinely reveal- 

 ed, that the Roman Pontiff, when he speaks 

 ex cathedrathat is, when in discharge of the 

 >ffice of pastor and teacher of all Christians, 

 by virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, 

 he defines a doctrine regarding faith or morals 



to be held by the universal Church is, by the 

 divine assistance promised to him in Blessed 

 Peter, possessed of that infallibility with which 

 the divine Redeemer willed that his Church 

 should be endowed in defining doctrine regard- 

 ing faith or morals ; and that therefore such 

 definitions of the Roman Pontiff are of them- 

 selves, and not from consent of the Church, 

 irreformable." By these measures he defined, 

 more clearly than had ever been done before, 

 the attitude of the Roman Church in the face 

 of modern civilization and modern skepticism, 

 and the record which in these three acts he 

 made for his Church can never be canceled. 

 He occupied the Roman See for a period by 

 many years longer than that of any of his pred- 

 ecessors, and in his case the traditional belief 

 that no Pope would ever preside over the 

 Church for as many years (twenty-five) as Pe- 

 ter was contradicted. u Non videbis annos 

 Petri" ("Thou shalt not see the years of Pe- 

 ter") are the words addressed to every Pope 

 at his coronation. But Pius died in the thirty- 

 second year of his pontificate. 



PORTUGAL, a kingdom in southwestern 

 Europe. King, Luiz I., born October 31, 1838 ; 

 succeeded his brother, King Pedro V., No- 

 vember 11, 1861 ; married October 6, 1862, to 

 Pia, youngest daughter of King Victor Eman- 

 uel of Italy. Issue of the union are two sons : 

 Carlos, born September 28, 1863, and Alfonso, 

 born July 31, 1865. Father of the King, Prince 

 Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg, titular King of Por- 

 tugal, born October 29, 1816, the eldest son of 

 the late Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg; mar- 

 ried April 9, 1836, to Queen Maria II. of Por- 

 tugal ; obtained the title King September 16, 

 1837 ; widower November 15, 1853 ; Regent 

 of Portugal from November 15, 1853, to Sep- 

 tember 16, 1855. 



The area, according to the " Annuario Esta- 

 tistico do Reino de Portugal " (1877), is 35,- 

 843 square miles ; the population, according to 

 the "Diario do Governo," No. 75, for 1878, 

 is 4,441,037. The area and population of the 

 several provinces were as follows : 



, 

 births, 46,924. 



The area and population of the Portuguese 

 possessions in Asia and Africa were, according 

 to the latest dates, as follows : 



