AUSTRALASIA AND POLYNESIA. AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MONARCHY. 59 



oietiea and two German societies. Tin- princi- 



Snl mission is Mint of tin- Church Missionary 

 oi-ioty, whioh returns 16 European and 27 

 native missionaries, with 220 native teachers, 

 and has al>mit '2,000 members with 10,315 ad- 

 li.-iviit-;. Tin- Wedeyan missions were nearly 

 lipki'M up by the wars several years ago. For 

 1879 they rrtunu'd livo missionaries, two as- 

 r s, and 883 members. The Hermannsburg 

 i bus three stations among the natives. 

 I'll'' Society for the Propagation of the Gospel 

 and the North German Missionary Society sus- 

 tain missions to colonists and natives. 



Several Protestant missionary societies have 

 found some of their most fruitful fields of oper- 

 ation in the South Sea islands. This has been 

 notably the ease with the American and Brit- 

 ish Congregational societies, and the British 

 Wesleyan societies, whose labors have been 

 rewarded by the conversion of whole nations. 

 The condition of these missions, including those 

 of the Sandwich Islands which have become 

 a self-supporting Church, is as follows: Con- 

 gregational churches and missions in the 

 S.mihvidi Islands, Micronesia, the Marquesas 

 Islands, the Society, Loyalty, Samoa, and Her- 

 vey Islands, and New Guinea, 36 missionaries, 

 680 assistants, mostly natives, and 36,580 mem- 

 bers ; Wesleyan churches and missions in the 

 Feejee and Friendly Islands, Samoa, Rotumah, 

 New Britain, New Ireland, and the Duke of 

 York Islands, 17 missionaries, 572 native as- 

 sistants, 81,148 members; Presbyterian mis- 

 sions in the New Hebrides, 1,6 missionaries, 

 1,150 members ; Anglican missions in Melane- 

 sia and the Sandwich Islands, 14 missionaries 

 and assistants, 252 members ; French Evan- 

 gelical missions in the Society Islands, 25 mis- 

 sionaries and assistants, 2,379 members ; mak- 

 ing a total of 1,360 missionaries and assistants 

 and 71,471 members. The Rev. S. J. Whitmee, 

 of the London Missionary Society, estimating 

 the whole number of converts at 68,101, allots 

 them among the three races of people thus : 

 Malayo - Polynesian, 36,079; Melanesian, 30,- 

 522 ; Micronesian, 1,500. Taking the number 

 of church members to be one fifth the number 

 of nominal Christians, he estimates the whole 

 number of those who have renounced paganism 

 and come under the direct influence of mission- 

 ary teaching to be 340,505. The missionary 

 churches of the Sandwich Islands and Micro- 

 nesia are now under the care of the Hawaiian 

 Evangelical Association, a society organized in 

 the Sandwich Islands, which is assisted by the 

 American Board. The Wesleyan South Sea 

 missions are under the care of the Australasian 

 Wesleyan Missionary Society, whose office is 

 at Sydney. The Malayo-Polynesian race have 

 become almost entirely Christianized the prin- 

 cipal exceptions to the fact being found in the 

 Marquesas Islands, where the Hawaiian Soci- 

 ety has a mission. The Wesleyan missions in 

 the Friendly Islands are self-supporting and 

 contribute to the support of the society ; the 

 same is the case to a large extent with those in 



the Foejoo Islands. Several of the London 

 Society's missions are largely self-supporting, 

 the people building their own chapels, buying 

 their own books, and paying the salaries of 

 their native pastors and schoolmasters, only 

 the English missionaries drawing their salaries 

 from home ; but this last item is more than 

 covered by the amounts which the missions 

 contribute to the general funds of the Society. 

 Native pastors and teachers are relied upon in 

 most of the islands to continue the work, the 

 white missionaries acting to a large extent as 

 superintendents and counselors, or, as in the 

 Sandwich Islands, simply as equals, and tend- 

 ing every year to exercise less authority and 

 be less necessary. Schools have been estab- 

 lished everywhere, and religious books and 

 school-books have been published in the native 

 languages, of which those in use at the mis- 

 sions have been reduced to writing by the mis- 

 sionaries. The Wesleyan missions return 47,- 

 431 scholars. The elementary schools are sup- 

 plemented by higher schools, training schools 

 for teachers, colleges, and theological schools. 

 The colleges of the Sandwich Islands have 

 been for several years in successful operation. 

 The Wesleyans have a college at Navuloa, Fee- 

 jee, where, according to the British Governor, 

 Sir Arthur Gordon, " a really superior educa- 

 tion is given to those who are preparing for 

 ordination, and to a large number of others of 

 the best native families." At the Wesleyan 

 Tubon College, in Nukualofa, Tonga, the pu- 

 pils are said to have acquitted themselves well 

 before the Governor when examined in " eu- 

 clid and algebra, in English, and geography." 

 In the Anglican Melanesian missions the plun 

 is adopted of taking youths from their own 

 islands to a school in Norfolk Island for a few 

 months in each year, after which they are 

 returned to their homes with the expectation 

 that they will exert a favorable influence over 

 their countrymen. The missionaries in charge 

 of the school also visit the different islands for 

 a few weeks or months in the healthy season. 

 AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MONARCHY, an 

 empire in Central Europe. Since the year 

 1867 the monarchy forms a dual state, con- 

 sisting of a German or " Cisleithan " mon- 

 archy, Austria, and a Magyar or Transleithan 

 kingdom, Hungary. Each of the two coun- 

 tries has its own Government, while the con- 

 necting ties between them consist in the per- 

 son of the hereditary sovereign, in a common 

 army, navy, and diplomacy, and a common Par- 

 liament, the Delegations. Emperor, Francis 

 Joseph I., born August 18, 1830; succeeded 

 his uncle, the Emperor Ferdinand I., Decem- 

 ber 2, 1848. Heir apparent to the throne, 

 Archduke Rudolphns, born August 21, 1858. 

 A member of the imperial family, the Arch- 

 duchess Maria Christina, was married on No- 

 vember 29th to King Alfonso XII. of Spain. 

 (See SPAIN.) The following genealogical ta- 

 ble shows the relationship between the new 

 Queen of Spain and the Emperor of Austria : 



