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BIGELOW, JACOB. 



ELAINE, JAMES G. 



ents should therefore send their children to a 

 school subject to the new law, if a Catholic 

 school was in their vicinity. No Catholic 

 should aid in the execution of the new law, 

 should accept a school office, or he a member 

 of the school council. 



On June 27th the Minister of Finance pre- 

 "sented a financial bill, in which he proposed 

 to tax the cultivation of tobacco, and to in- 

 crease the import duty on tobacco, as well as 

 the succession and excise duties. The pre- 

 amble to the bill stated that the proposed aug- 

 mentations were estimated to yield to the 

 Treasury an additional sum of 7,350,000 francs, 

 whereas the deficit to be covered amounted to 

 12,000,000 francs. The Government there- 

 fore reserved to itself to propose, when expe- 

 dient, the conversion of the 4J- per cent, rentes. 

 The electoral reform bill was passed in the 

 Lower Chamber in the beginning of July by 69 

 votes to 60. The discussion on the new finan- 

 cial laws was closed on July 22d, after a speech 

 from M. de Kerwyn urging the necessity of 

 affording protection to the agricultural inter- 

 ests of the country. The Minister for Foreign 

 Affairs replied that there was no occasion to 

 revert to a policy of protection, and the bill 

 was then adopted by 60 to 42 votes. A propo- 

 sition of the Government to convert the 4J 

 per cent, rentes to 4 per cents was adopted 

 the same day in the Chamber and the Senate. 

 On July 21st Prince de Ligne, President of 

 the Senate, resigned, and on August 1st the 

 Chambers were closed. In the beginning of 

 September General Liagre was appointed Min- 

 ister of War in the place of General Kenard, 

 who had died shortly before. 



The new school laws were considered in a 

 meeting of the Belgian bishops held in Malines 

 in the middle of August, when it was resolved 

 to refuse absolution to the teachers of normal 

 schools; that the religious instruction given 

 in secular schools was schismatic, and all 

 teachers giving such instruction were to be 

 excommunicated. These resolutions were, 

 however, not fully approved by Cardinal Nina, 

 the Papal Secretary of State, in a note to the 

 Papal Nuncio in Brussels, in which Cardinal 

 Nina ordered that the resolutions should not 

 be communicated to the clergy until they had 

 received the sanction of the Holy See. 



The bitter feeling existing between the dif- 

 ferent parties caused the King to address the 

 people at a festival in Tournay, exhorting them 

 to unity and fraternity, particularly in view of 

 the semi-centennial of national independence 

 to be celebrated in 1880. 



BIGELOW, Dr. JACOB, an eminent physi- 

 cian, born in Sudbury, Mass., February 27, 

 1787, died in Boston, January 10th. He was 

 graduated at Harvard College in 1806, and, 

 having prepared himself for the practice of 

 medicine, opened his office in Boston in 1810, 

 aad displayed unusual skill. In 1814 he pub- 

 lished a work entitled " Florula Bostoniensis," 

 describing the plants of Boston and its envi- 



rons, enlarged editions of which were pub- 

 lished in 1824 and 1840. He enjoyed the 

 friendship of several noted European bota- 

 nists, with whom he had an extended corre- 

 spondence relative to botanical studies and 

 discoveries. Between 1817 and 1821 he pub- 

 lished in three volumes the " American Med- 

 ical Botany," a work that commanded marked 

 attention not only in this country, but also in 

 Europe. He edited with notes Sir J. E. Smith's 

 work on botany in 1814, was one of the com- 

 mittee of five selected in 1820 to form the 

 " American Pharmacopoeia," and is to be cred- 

 ited with the principle of the nomenclature of 

 materia medica afterward adopted by the Brit- 

 ish colleges, which principle substituted a sin- 

 gle for a double word whenever practicable. 

 Mount Auburn Cemetery, the first garden 

 cemetery established in the United States, was 

 founded by him, and became the model after 

 which all others in the country have been 

 made. During a term of twenty years Dr. 

 Bigelow was a physician of the Massachusetts 

 General Hospital, and was Professor of Ma- 

 teria Medica and of Clinical Medicine in Har- 

 vard University. From 1816 to 1827 he held 

 the Rumford Professorship in the same institu- 

 tion, and delivered lectures on the application of 

 science to the useful arts. These lectures were 

 published in a volume entitled " Elements of 

 Technology," which work, enlarged and im- 

 proved, was republished some years later with 

 the title "The Useful Arts considered in Con- 

 nection with the Applications of Science " 

 (1849). At various times he published medi- 

 cal essays and treatises, in the production of 

 which he was industrious and prolific without 

 impairing the value of his work by its quan- 

 tity. " Nature and Disease," a volume pub- 

 lished in 1854, contained several of these es- 

 says. Notable among his papers was one 

 entitled " A Discourse on Self-Limited Dis- 

 ease," which was delivered as an address be- 

 fore the Massachusetts Medical Society in 

 1835, and had a marked effect in modifying 

 the practice of physicians. He was during 

 many years the President of that Society, and 

 was also President of the American Academy 

 of Arts and Sciences. Retiring from the ac- 

 tive practice of his profession some years ago, 

 Dr. Bigelow gave much attention to the sub- 

 ject of education, and especially to the matter 

 of establishing and developing technological 

 schools. In an address " On the Limits of Ed- 

 ucation," delivered in 1865, before the Massa- 

 chusetts Institute of Technology, he laid espe- 

 cial emphasis on the necessity of students de- 

 voting themselves to special technical branches 

 of knowledge, rather than devoting time and 

 strength to sub ects irrelevant to the particu- 

 lar vocations they are to follow. 



ELAINE, JAMES GILLESPIE, an American 

 statesman, born in Washington County, Penn- 

 sylvania, January 31, 1830, at Indian Hill 

 Farm, the home of his maternal grandfather, 

 Neal Gillespie. His great-grandfather, Colonel 



