CAPE COLONY AND BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA. 



121 



mcnt in addition to that imposed by the Court ; if in- 

 inili.-t. .1 without regard to the sentence, it u wanton 

 cruelty." 



CAPE COLONY AND BRITISH SOUTH 

 AFRICA. The area and population of tbo 

 British possessions in South Africa wore as 

 follows at the beginning of the year 1879 : 



The population of Cape Colony proper was 

 divided as follows according to race : 



Europeans or whites 280.788 



Malays 10,817 



Hottentots 98,561 



Jingoes -. 78,506 



Caffros and Bechujinas 214,188 



Half-breeds and others 87,184 



Total 720,9b4 



The different denominations were represent- 

 ed as follows : 



The gross revenue of Cape Colony proper in 

 1877, including loans, was 2,631,602 ; the ex- 

 penditure, 3,428,392 ; and the public debt on 

 December 31, 1877, 6,028,959. The imports 

 during the same year amounted to 5,457,000, 

 and the exports tt> 3,663,000. 



In the course of the year certain portions of 

 the Transkei and Noraans Land, containing 

 about 8,600 square miles, were incorporated 

 with the Cape Colony. Moreover, the war 

 against the Zooloos resulted in making Zooloo- 

 land to a large extent a dependency of the 

 British Government. (See ZOOLOOS.) 



The conflict with Cetywayo or Ketchwhyo, 



Zing of the Zooloo Caffrea, which threatened 

 the colony during 1878, actually broke out in 

 January, 1879. Sir Bartle Frere, the British 

 High Commissioner in South Africa, reviewed 

 in a memorandum the causes which led to it. 

 Ho stated that during the lifetime of King Panda 

 the Government of Natal had rarely had oc- 

 casion to complain of any unfriendly act on the 

 part of the Zooloos. When Panda died in 1872, 

 he was succeeded by his son Cetywayo, whose 

 peaceable succession was mainly due to his re- 

 cognition by the British Government of Natal 

 some years before, when there were many rival 

 candidates for the succession, and to the pres- 

 ence of the British representative at his instal- 

 lation. Cetywayo then made many solemn 

 promises and engagements. None of these 

 had been fulfilled. The cruelties and barbari- 

 ties which deformed the internal administration 

 of Zoolooland in Panda's reign had been ag- 

 gravated during the reign of Cetywayo. He 

 had also maintained a formidable military des- 

 potism, which had become a standing menace 

 to all his neighbors, and had sought to gain the 

 consent of the British Government to wars of 

 aggression, particularly against the inhabitants 

 of a large tract of land between the Buffalo and 

 Pongolo rivers, which had long been regarded 

 as Transvaal territory. But since his instal- 

 lation the tone of Cetywayo in his communica- 

 tions with the Natal Government had essen- 

 tially altered, notably in reply to a remonstrance 

 addressed to him by the Lieutenant-Governor 

 of Natal regarding the barbarous massacre of a 

 number of young women by the King's orders. 

 Cetywayo addressed the Government of Natal 

 in terms of unprecedented insolence and de- 

 fiance, affirming his irresponsibility to the Natal 

 Government for anything he might please to 

 do, denying his solemn promises at his instal- 

 lation, and declaring his intention of shedding 

 blood in future on a much greater scale. These 

 declarations were in 1876 followed by raids 

 upon the missionaries, who were driven from 

 the country, while at least three of the con- 

 verts were killed. After the annexation of the 

 Transvaal, he sent a military force to the ter- 

 ritory between the Buffalo and the Pongolo, 

 and ordered the inhabitants to quit. Sir The- 

 obpilus Shepstone, who then governed in the 

 Transvaal, endeavored to come to. an amicable 

 arrangement, but his advances were received 

 with very scant courtesy ; and in reply to his 

 invitation to discuss the matter, a peremptory 

 demand was made in the King's name for the 

 immediate cession of all that the Zooloos 

 claimed. Cetywayo, however, ultimately ac- 

 cepted the suggestion of the Natal Govern- 

 ment that the matter was one for inquiry, and 

 at his request a commission was appointed to 

 inquire into the merits of the dispute, with a 

 view to its settlement by arbitration. This 

 commission decided that the greater portion of 

 the land in dispute, of which the Zooloos had 

 lately taken forcible possession, had never 

 ceased to belong of right to them. This ver- 



