COMMERCE, INTERNATIONAL. 



109 



from Canada wore 688 cwt., and in 1877 they 

 had swollen to 19,039. 



SUGAR. The exports of cane-sugar from all 

 tin- principal sugar-growing countries, accord- 

 ing to the latest reports, were as follows, in 

 millions of centals and decimals of millions: 

 Cuba, 10 ; Java, 4-56 ; British, Dutch, and Da- 

 nish West Indies, 5 ; Brazil, 3-6 ; Manila, 2-63 ; 

 Mauritius, 1-8; Martinique and Guadeloupe, 2; 

 Porto Rico, 1-8; China, 1'08; Peru, 1; Egypt, 

 0'8 ; Central America and Mexico, 0*8 ; Reun- 

 ion, 0-6; British India, 0'56; Australia, 0-48; 

 British Guiana, 0*15 ; Cape Colonies, 0-15 ; 

 Sandwich Islands, 0'26 ; Spain, 0-3. The im- 

 mense production of India and China has gen- 

 erally only sufficed for their domestic consump- 

 tion. The exports from India were already 

 large in 1857 ; but for a long time they were 

 seldom seen in the world's market, and only 

 within a few years have they again begun to 

 compete with the products of other countries. 

 The exportation of sugar from China, which is 

 capable of indefinite extension, is a quite re- 

 cent phenomenon. The total exports from all 

 countries of cane-sugar amount to perhaps 41 

 million cwt., of which 22 million is consumed 

 in Europe and 13J million in the United States. 

 England is the chief consumer of cane-sugar, 

 taking in the year 1877 as much as 15 million 

 cwt. 



The Continental peoples depend chiefly upon 

 beet-root sugar. The total sugar-crop of Eu- 

 rope for the season 1874-'75 -was 23 million 

 cwt. ; 1875-'76, 27 million ; 1876-'77, 22 mil- 

 lion ; 1877-'78, 25 million. Of the crop of 

 1876-'77, 6*5 million cwt. was produced in 

 France, 5 - 8 in Germany, 4*1 in Austria, 5 in 

 Russia, 0'9 in Belgium, and 0*5 in Holland. 



The total consumption of sugar in the four 

 chief consuming nations in 1877 was approxi- 

 mately as follows : England, 17'6 million cwt. ; 

 United States, 13'3 ; Germany, 5 ; Franco, 4-7. 

 The annual consumption per capita in the dif- 

 ferent European countries is estimated to be 

 at present as follows : England, 26 kilogrammes; 

 Germany, 20; Holland, 11 ; Belgium, 10 ; France, 

 V ; Sweden, 7 ; Austria, 4'75 ; Switzerland, 4 ; 

 Italy, 3-75 ; Spain, 3 ; Portugal, 2*75 ; Russia, 

 2-75 ; Turkey, 1-5. 



The production of beet-root sugar in France, 

 which averaged in the five years from 1838 

 to 1843 about 30 million kilogrammes, during 

 the period of five years between 1872 and 

 1877 averaged 892 million kilogrammes per 

 annum. About 500 factories are engaged in 

 this industry. Their annual products during 

 the last five years were reported as follows : 

 for the season 1872-'73, 408 million kilos ; 

 1873-'74, 397 ; 1874-75, 451 ; 1875-'76, 462 ; 

 1876-77, 243. In the year ending August 

 81, 1879, the exports of beet-root sugar from 

 Germany were 2,796,913 cwt., of which 585,- 

 629 cwt. was refined. In the preceding year 

 the exports were 1,978,496 cwt., of which 

 the proportion of refined sugar was 437,315 

 cwt. 



WIXM. The commerce in wine is up to the 

 present confined principally to European varie- 

 ties ; yet in these it exceeds in volume the tea 

 and coffee trades taken together. The total 

 wine-production of Europe is estimated at 

 146,123,000 hectolitres. The average produc- 

 tion of the different countries is at present as 

 follows: France, 56,160,000 hectolitres; Italy, 

 81,500,000 ; Austro-Ilungary, 22,640,000 ; 

 Spain, 20,000,000; Germany, 6,500,000; Por- 

 tugal, 5,000,000 ; Russia and Turkey, 2,134,000 ; 

 Greece and Cyprus, 1,150,000; Roumania, 662,- 

 000 ; Switzerland, 877,000. The consumption 

 of French champagne wines in different coun- 

 tries has been estimated as follows, reckoned 

 in millions of bottles and fractions of millions : 

 United States, 10; England, 5; Russia, 2; 

 France, 2 ; Germany, 1'5 ; Holland, 0'6 ; Italy, 

 0-5; Belgium, 0-5; Spain, 0-3; Africa, 0-1. 

 The wine-production of France has been sub- 

 ject of late years to enormous variations, as 

 may be seen from a statement of the yearly 

 production: 1873, 35,715,000 hectolitres ; 1874, 

 63,146,000; 1875, 88,837,000; 1876,41,846,000; 

 1877, 56,405,000. The loss entailed upon France 

 by the damages of the phylloxera has been es- 

 timated up to 1878 at over two milliards of 

 francs, or $400,000,000. 



In 1874 the territory devoted to the culture 

 of the vine in France amounted to 2,446,862 

 hectares, the largest acreage which had ever 

 been attained. Owing to the ravages of the 

 phylloxera, it has steadily contracted since that 

 year ; by 1877 the reduction amounted to more 

 than 150,000 hectares, and in 1878 the extent 

 of soil planted was further decreased by 50,000 

 hectares. The departments of the south have 

 been the principal sufferers, those most affected 

 being Aude, Bouches-du-Rh6ne, Charente, 

 Lower Charente, Dordogne, Gard, H6rault, 

 Lot, Var, and Yaucluse. In other portions of 

 France there has been an extension in grape- 

 culture, the most signal development being in 

 the departments of the Eastern Pyrenees and 

 Yonne. In 1878 the oidium made its appear- 

 ance again, and added its devastations to those 

 of the phylloxera. The wine-crop for the year 

 was 48,700,000 hectolitres, 7,705,000 less than 

 the crop of 1877, and 8,093,000 less than the 

 mean crop of the last ten years. While Lan- 

 guedoc, Provence, and Dauphiny were severe- 

 ly scourged, the departments of the east and 

 center showed an increased yield. 



Nearly all of Italy's large production of ex- 

 cellent wines is consumed in the country itself, 

 the export not exceeding 1 per cent, of the 

 production, although they increased from 291,- 

 000 hectolitres in 1873 to 498,000 in 1876. In 

 the Austrian empire about 615,000 hectares of 

 land are devoted to the culture of the vine, 

 two thirds of which is in Hungary. Of the 

 admirable Hungarian wines also the exports 

 are small compared with the domestic con- 

 sumption. Spain, out of a total of $100,000,000 

 yearly exports, sends abroad heavy and artifi- 

 cially alcoholized wines of the value of $30,000,- 



