170 



COMMERCE, INTERNATIONAL. 



000, nearly all of which go to England. Al- 

 though the consumption of the lighter wines 

 of France has been steadily gaining in Great 

 Britain since the conclusion of the reciprocity 

 treaty, it has not yet approached the amount 

 of the heavy Spanish wines consumed, the im- 

 ports of port and sherry being 10,657,000 gal- 

 lons in 1877, and those of French wines 6,643,- 

 000 gallons. The British imports of German 

 wines amount to less than half a million gal- 

 lons, those of Italian wines slightly more. The 

 total consumption of wine in Great Britain in 

 1877 was about 16 million gallons, of the total 

 value of about 37 million dollars. The pro- 

 duction of wine in the United States is slowly 

 but decidedly extending. The culture of the 

 vine at the Cape of Good Hope is declining, 

 the exports of Cape wines having steadily di- 

 minished from 319,000 gallons in 1863 to 93,000 

 in 1866, 88,000 in 1870, 75,000 in 1873, and 

 55,000 in 1875. These wines are only used to 

 adulterate other sorts. 



TOBAOOO. The total world's production of 

 tobacco can not be estimated with any satis- 

 factory degree of accuracy. The tobacco-grow- 

 ing States of the American Union furnish the 

 largest and most productive area devoted to 

 this staple. The total production of the United 

 States is probably at present as much as 400 

 million Ibs. The exports of leaf-tobacco from 

 American ports amounted in 1878 to 283 mil- 

 lion Ibs., against 282 million in 1877, 218 mil- 

 lion in 1876, 223 million in 1875, 318 million 

 in 1874, 213 million in 1873, 234 million in 

 1872, 215 million in 1871, and 185 million in 

 1870. From the surplus of the American crop 

 all the European states derive the greater part 

 of their supplies. The Cuban exportation, in 

 consequence of the civil disturbances in the 

 island, fell to 5 million Ibs. of tobacco and 139 

 million cigars in 1876, and 8 million Ibs. of to- 

 bacco and 88 million cigars in 1877. Large 

 quantities of Central American tobacco are 

 worked up in the Havana factories, and a great 

 number of European-made cigars are shipped 

 there to be reexported with the Havana brand. 

 Not one half of the cigars dealt in as Havana 

 cigars are supposed to be made from tobacco 

 grown in Cuba. Another Spanish colony, the 

 Philippine Islands, plays an important part in 

 the international tobacco trade : out of 93 

 million cigars exported from Manila in 1874, 

 93 million in 1875, and 84 million in 1876, 49 

 million were taken in China, 142 million went 

 to India and Singapore, and 33 million were 

 sent to Europe; besides which 11 or 12 million 

 Ibs. of raw Manila tobacco are annually received 

 in Europe. China, Japan, and the Straits Set- 

 tlements have a considerable export trade in 

 tobacco, which in the two former countries 

 however has receded since 1873, in which year 

 the Chinese exports were 2 and the Japanese 

 nearly 5 million Ibs., those of the Straits Set- 

 tlements being 212,000 Ibs. ; in 1876 the Chi- 

 nese exports were 1,431,000, the Japanese 

 785,000, and those of the Straits Settlements 



435,000 Ibs. Holland receives from her colo- 

 nies enough to supply her own large require- 

 ments and leave a considerable surplus for 

 exportation; Java alone produces for export 

 in a propitious year over 30 million Ibs., and 

 did export over 40 million in 1874, and 37 

 million in 1875. All the states of South and 

 Central America produce more or less tobacco 

 to export. Nearly all the European states 

 supply their requirements in part with their 

 own products. The total European crop is 

 supposed to average 260 million Ibs. Austria, 

 although the largest tobacco-producer of the 

 European countries, her crop in 1876 being 

 971,000 centners (1 centner = 50 kilos), is re- 

 ceiving larger and larger quantities each year 

 of foreign-grown tobacco; the imports in- 

 creased from 106,000 centners in 1869 to 492,- 

 000 in 1875. The 400 or 500 centners produced 

 in Germany do not satisfy a third of her re- 

 quirements. France produces about 30 million 

 kilos per annum, and imports an equal quantity. 

 Russia's production in 1876 amounted to 40 

 million kilos; Italy's was 4^ million, Holland's 

 4 million, and Belgium's not quite 2 million 

 kilos. The very considerable production of 

 Asiatic Turkey, Syria, Persia, and Algiers is 

 not to any extent exported except to the bor- 

 dering lands. 



The annual consumption of tobacco per ca- 

 pita in some of the principal tobacco-consum- 

 ing countries has been estimated as follows : 

 Holland, 4f Ibs. per head of population ; Ger- 

 many, 8 T ^ Ibs. ; United States, 3 Ibs. ; Austro- 

 Hungary, 2| Ibs.; Cuba, 2 T \ Ibs.; Italy, 1J 

 Ib. ; Russia, 1 Ib. 



The importations of manufactured tobacco 

 into Germany in 1871-'72 were 48 million 

 kilos; in 1872-'73, 76 million; in 1873-74, 34 

 million; in 1874-'75, 42 million; in 1875-'76, 

 46 million; in 1876-'77, 49 million. Almost 

 the whole of the importations are American 

 tobacco through the ports of Bremen and Ham- 

 burg. Bremen, in 1876, imported 53 million 

 kilos of tobacco, 48 million of which was from 

 the United States, and exported 45 million, 38 

 million of which was American tobacco. The 

 consumption of tobacco per capita in Germany 

 is estimated at 1 '50 kilo in the seven years pre- 

 ceding 1870, and 1-83 in the succeeding seven 

 years. The culture of tobacco in Germany has 

 shown a tendency to decline within a few 

 years. There was an increase up to the year 

 1874, when 30,500 hectares were under culti- 

 vation, and 54 million kilos were harvested. 

 In 1875 the crop was 42 million kilos ; in 1876, 

 37 million; in 1877, 31 million, the acreage 

 in the mean time having fallen to 21,735 hec- 

 tares. The cultivation of tobacco is confined 

 almost entirely to the Rhine valley ; 31 per 

 cent, of the area devoted to this crop is situa- 

 ted in Baden, 24 per cent, in Prussia, 21 per 

 cent, in Bavaria, and 16 per cent, in Alsace- 

 Lorraine. The production in 1874 and the 

 years immediately preceding was stimulated 

 t>y the prospect of the restoration of the im- 



