EUROPE. 



K19 



COUNTRIES. 



18. Portugal 84.8M 



.ifaria H 



15. (iroec* 19,868 



18. ScrvU 18,787 



17. Switzerland 



1-. ivmuark 14,789 



Umrlandi 12,781 



*0. Belgium 11,878 



81. Montenegro 8,642 



M. Luxemburg 999 



W.Andorra 191 



94. Liechtenstein '' 



86. SanMarlno 24 



BO. Monaco 



Total 8J66,982 



With regard to population they hold the fol- 

 lowing relative position : 



COUNTRIES. PopnUtlon. 



1. Baulk (exclusive of Finland) 72,018,881 



8. Germany 42,7-27,860 



8. Austro-Hungary 87,712,781 



4. France 86.906,788 



6. Great Britain and Ireland 84,517,000 



. Italy 28,209,620 



7. Spain 16,842,996 



8. Turkey 7,008,000 



9. Belgium 6,476,668 



10. Roumanla 6,876,000 



11. Sweden 4,681,868 



13. Portugal 4,848,551 



18. Netherlands 8,981,887 



14. Switzerland 2,792,264 



16. Finland 1,968,620 



16. Denmark 1,940,000 



17. Bulgaria 1,859,000 



18. Norway 1,806,900 



19. Greece... 1,679,776 



20. Servia 1.576,622 



2t. Montenegro 286,000 



22. Luxemburg 205,158 



28. Andorra 18,000 



24. Liechtenstein 8,664 



26. SanMarino 7,816 



26. Monaco 7,049 



Total 818,812,669 



In this table the European dependencies of 

 Great Britain, Portugal, and Denmark are not 

 taken into account. They are as follows : 



Great Britain (Malta, Gibraltar, Heligoland). 174.862 



Portugal (Azores) 26J,858 



Denmark (Faroe Islands, Iceland) 88,000 



Total 5il,714 



Adding these figures to the above sum, the 

 total population of the European states, inclu- 

 sive of their European dependencies, is found 

 to be 318,834,388. 



The execution of the provisions of the Treaty 

 of Berlin progressed favorably during 1879. 

 The new principality of Bulgaria elected a 

 Constituent Assembly, which prepared a Con- 

 stitution, and elected a Prince in the person of 

 Prince Alexander of Battenberg. (See BUL- 

 GARIA.) In the autonomous province of East- 

 ern Roumelia, the excesses committed by the 

 Bulgarians in the early part of the year caused 

 some doubts to be entertained as to its stabil- 

 ity; but toward the close of the year it ap- 

 peared as if the Bulgarian part of the popula- 

 tion had determined to treat their Mohamme- 

 dan neighbors with more fairness in future. 

 (See EASTERN ROTTMELIA.) In Roumania, the 

 emancipation of the Jews proved to be a dif- 

 ficult question to solve. A settlement, how- 

 ever, was finally arrived at by the adoption of 



a compromise which, while acceptable to the 

 Roumanian!, also gained the approval of the 

 Powers. (Sec Km MAMA.) The work of the 

 different commissions on boundaries proceeded 

 favorably with one exception, that of the Greek 

 frontier. Several skirmishes occurred on the 

 Servian border, while in the new districts of 

 Montenegro attempts at resistance were made 

 by the Albanians. In Turkey the greatest dis- 

 tress prevailed in consequence of the disordered 

 state of the finances. The deplorable condi- 

 tion of Asia Minor led Sir Austen Layard, the 

 British Minister at Constantinople, to make 

 demands for the appointment of able officials 

 to administer the Asiatic provinces of Turkey. 

 This demand was in the end complied with. 

 (See TURKEY.) The negotiations with Greece 

 for a new boundary continued during the year, 

 but no progress was made, as the plenipoten- 

 tiaries could not agree on what should consti- 

 tute the basis of the negotiation. (See GREECE.) 

 The Porte in 1879, for the first time in some 

 years, took an active part in the administration 

 of Egypt, by the deposition of Ismail Pasha. 

 (See EGYPT.) 



An important change was made in the direc- 

 tion of foreign affairs of the Austro-IIungarian 

 Monarchy. Count Andrassy resigned his posi- 

 tion as President of the Common Ministry and 

 Minister for Foreign Affairs on account of ill 

 health, and was succeeded by Baron Haymerle. 

 (See HAYMERLE.) The change in persons, how- 

 ever, did not mean a change of policy. In 

 April a convention was concluded with Tur- 

 key regarding the sanjak of Novi-Bazar, and 

 this district was then occupied without resis- 

 tance. In Austria an important change took 

 place in the government. At the elections for 

 the Reichsrath held in June and July, the Con- 

 stitutional party, which had ruled the country 

 for a number of years, lost some seats, making 

 the strength of the parties about equal. An 

 important feature in the new Reichsrath was 

 the entrance of the Bohemian delegates for the 

 first time since 1867. The Auersperg Ministry 

 had resigned previous to the elections, and was 

 finally succeeded by a fusion Ministry under 

 Count Taaffe. (See AUSTRIA.) 



The senatorial elections held in France on 

 January 5th resulted in a Republican victory, 

 thus making both Chambers Republican for 

 the first time in the history of the third repub- 

 lic. The effect of this was felt in all depart- 

 ments of the Government, and in February 

 President MacMahon resigned, as he no longer 

 felt himself able to govern in accordance with 

 the wishes of the majority. In his place the 

 two Chambers in Congress assembled elected 

 Jules Gr6vy, the veteran President of the 

 Chamber of Deputies. The Ministry formed 

 by M. Waddington introduced two important 

 bills affecting higher education. Botn were 



Eassed in the Chamber of Deputies, but were 

 lid over in the Senate until 1880. In the lat- 

 ter part of the year the Ministry of M. 'Wad- 

 dington, although sustained in the Chamber 



