384 



FRANCE. 



Of the 966,682 children born in 1876, 66,- 

 306 were illegitimate. The relation of births 

 to the total population from 1870 to 1876, and 

 the number of still-born children for the same 

 period, were as follows : 



The proportion of deaths to the total popu- 

 lation from 1870 to 1876 was as follows: 



The receipts and expenditures in the general 

 budget for 1880 were estimated as follows (in 

 francs) : 



REVENUE 



Direct taxes '. 421,077,160 



Stamps and registration 628,548,000 



Produce of forests 88,102,600 



Duties 238,932,000 



Indirect tax.es 1.035,997,600 



Produce of posts 108,763,000 



' Telegraphs 18,532,OOC 



Miscellaneous receipts 163,997,654 



Total 2,701,080,014 



EXPENDITURES. 



Ministry of Justice 84.812,000 



" of Foreign Affairs 12,919,000 



" of the Interior 89,096,628 



" of Finance 21,212,382 



" of Public Instruction 1 16,882,854 



" of Agriculture and Commerce. 34,059,692 



of Public Works 150,819,678 



of War 552,941,862 



" of the Navy I -100061400 



Administration of colonies f JJU ' ut) ^ 4y3 



Public debt 1,175,319,656 



Dotations 28,262,853 



Chambers 10,321,000 



Expenses of collection 269,629,826 



Reimbursements 17,850,000 



Total 2,700,087,792 



The interest on the public debt, according to 

 the budget of 1879, was as follows : 



Consolidated debt 746,586,867 



Capital that may be called in 298,093,902 



Dette viugere 180,689,887 



Total 1,175,319,656 



On January 1, 1873, the new army law of 

 July 27, 1872, went into operation. Its first 

 article enacts universal liability to military ser- 

 vice. Every Frenchman capable of bearing arms 

 must serve for 20 years, namely, 5 years in the 

 standing army, 4 years in the reserve of the 

 standing army, 5 years in the territorial army 

 (Landwehr), and 6 years in the reserve of the 

 territorial army (Landsturm). By a law of 



July 24, 1873, on the reorganization of the 

 army, France is divided into 18 districts, each 

 of which is occupied by an army corps. One 

 army corps is also organized in Algeria. Each 

 of the 18 army corps consists of 2 divisions of 

 infantry, 1 brigade of cavalry, 1 brigade of ar- 

 tillery, 1 battalion of engineers, 1 squadron of 

 the train, a general staff, and the subordinate 

 statfs. The composition of the army in time 

 of peace will be as follows : 



According to an estimate of the " Journal 

 des Sciences Militaires " for January, 1879, the 

 strength of the French army on a war footing 

 would be as follows : 



Infantry : 



8 17J battalions of the active army 817,500 



449 battalions of the territorial army 449,000 



Total Infantry 1,266,500 



Cavalry : 



892 squadrons of the active army 53,800 



79 squadrons of the territorial army 11,850 



Total cavalry 70,650 



Artillery : 

 812 field batteries of the active army. | -, 9 , nnn 



57 mounted batteries ' " " ( 



88 field batteries of the territorial army 56,000 



407 batteries with 2,442 cannon 180,000 



Engineers : 



Active army 26,000 



Territorial army 19,000 



Total engineers 45,000 



Pontoniers, active army 5.000 



This gives a total of 1,031,800 men for the 

 active army, and 535,850 for the territorial 

 army ; in all, 1,567,150 men. For the train, the 

 administration, and the sanitary troops, there 

 would still be necessary 155,000 men for the 

 active and 58,150 for the territorial army; 

 which would give the following result: 



Active army 1,186,300 



Territorial army 594,000 



Total. 



The navy on January 1, 1879, comprised 258 

 vessels. Of these, 66 were ironclads (32 large 

 war vessels and 34 for coast defense), 156 

 steamers (44 cruisers, 29 transport vessels, 40 

 dispatch-boats, 36 gun-boats, 7 torpedo-boats), 

 and 36 sailing vessels. 



The foreign trade of France is officially di- 

 vided into "commerce general," which com- 

 prises the entire imports and exports, includ- 

 ing goods in transit, and " commerce special,", 

 which embraces the imports consumed and the 

 exports produced within the country. The fol- 

 lowing table exhibits the movements of French 

 commerce from 1859 to 1878 : 



