ITALY. 



of a Minister or tho programme of a Ministry. 

 Universal suffrage is the fundamental basis of 

 reform. Those who obey the laws ought to 

 make them. Those who are obliged to fight 

 in defense of their country should also have 

 the ritfht to elect their syndics and their repre- 

 sentatives in Parliament. This, he said, is tho 

 basis of social justice. He told those who im- 

 pugn this that the people to whom the toga vi- 

 rilis is denied were considered capable of first 

 founding with their arms and afterward con- 

 tinning by their vote the unity of Italy ; and ho 

 said that the dreaded phalanx of the Clericals 

 is also desirable iu Parliament, seeing that the 

 establishment of two conflicting principles will 

 dispel the languor which now renders it im- 

 potent and arouse all tho energies of which 

 Italy is capable to vital discussions. The meet- 

 ing organized under the presidency of General 

 Garibaldi. A resolution was adopted for tho 

 establishment of a central committee in Rome, 

 with sub-committees in the provinces, to agitato 

 for universal suffrage and other reforms. The 

 meeting also sent a greeting to u our brethren 

 of Italy unredeemed." Garibaldi made a speech, 

 iu which he said that the Constitution must be 

 reconsidered, and Italy must be armed to be 

 ready to claim the unredeemed provinces. 



Considerable attention was aroused by a 

 pamphlet entitled " Italicaa Res," which ap- 

 peared in Vienna in August. The author was 

 Aloys Ritter von Ilayraerle, brother of the new 

 Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs, colonel 

 in the Austrian general staff, and for five years 

 military attacb.6 to the Austrian embassy in 

 Rome. In this pamphlet he spoke of the 

 Italia Irredenta party as a powerful agent, 

 likely sooner or later to imperil the peace be- 

 tween Italy and Austria. lie described this 

 party as one u which, under the banner of the 

 nationality principle and the theory of natural 

 boundaries, did not permit the country to ob- 

 tain peace, and in order to bring about new 

 complications attempted to impress upon the 

 mind of the nation the facts that the honor of 

 Italy would remain sullied and its political 

 existence doubtful as long as the smallest part 

 of the Italian-speaking people remained sub- 

 ject to a foreign Government." At the same 

 time he pointed out that the agitation of the 

 party was directed only toward those portions 

 of Italy under Austrian rule. On the other 

 hand, he declared most decidedly that the 

 policy of the Italian Government, as well as 

 the sentiments of the largo majority of tho 

 Italian population, were hostile to these ag- 

 gressive demonstrations. In September both 

 Count Andrassy and Baron Haymerle assured 

 the Italian Ambassador at Vienna that they re- 

 gretted the publication of the pamphlet, and 

 disapproved the political comments contained 

 in it. In Italy the pamphlet was very generally 

 denounced, even by the Conservatives, who 

 oppose the Government wherever they have 

 an opportunity. The pamphlet was answered 

 by the Italia Irredenta Association in another 



pamphlet, entitled "Pro Patria," which was 

 very bitter in its tone against Austria, and de- 

 clared that no friendship between the two coun- 

 tries was possible until the Austrian* had K-ft 

 Italy. It defined as unredeemed Italy the gov 

 eminent of Innsprnck, including the district- of 

 Roveredo, Trent, Hot/en, Brunnecken and the 

 Giudicaria di Glovenza, the districts of Trieste, 

 (rori/ia, Pisina, and Adelsberg in Illyria, the 

 Hungarian Littoral districts, and a part of the 

 county of Agram in Croatia. 



An eruption of Mount Etna took place at 

 six o'clock on the evening of Sunday, May 

 25th. The sight was described is being very 

 grand at Taormina. An opening occurred on 

 Monday on the northern side, from which is- 

 sued dense volumes of smoke and flames. 

 Showers of ashes fell on Messina, where a se- 

 vere undulatory shock of earthquake was felt 

 on the 27th. Reggio in Calabria was covered 

 with a lurid cloud, and large quantities of ashes 

 also fell in that city. Three new craters opened, 

 distant from each other about twelve mil<--. in 

 the form of a triangle. A number of brilliant 

 balls of fire were thrown to a great height on 

 the night of the 28th, and burst like rockets, 

 emitting a fiery shower. The stream of lava 

 was estimated at seventy metres in width. 

 The eruption increased on the night of June 

 2d. The Government on June 4th appointed 

 a commission to visit Mount Etna and report 

 on the volcanic phenomena. The most serious 

 of the openings was that between the Monte 

 Frumento and Monte Nero, an equal distance 

 between Randazzo and Linguaglossa. At this 

 spot the land was highly cultivated, and here 

 the flow of lava was very great indeed. Here 

 stood the bridge of the Pisciaro, which carried 

 the national road over the river of that name 

 as it descended from the mountain to the Al- 

 cantara River. This bridge was carried away 

 by the avalanche of lava, and the road was over- 

 flowed for about 100 metres. The other two 

 points of outbreak were one between Bronte 

 and Aderno, on the western slope, the other be- 

 tween Giarre and Aci Reale, on the southern. 

 The former at one time seemed to threaten the 

 town of Aderno, but all three craters gradually 

 subsided in the beginning of June. The erup- 

 tion was accompanied by a loud, rumbling 

 noise and by earthquakes, and caused conster- 

 nation and panic among the neighboring pop- 

 ulation. The loss of property and life was 

 very great. 



The destruction of Pompeii eighteen centu- 

 ries ago was celebrated in the ruins of that 

 city on September 26th, in the presence of a 

 large number of scientific men and other spec- 

 tators. From a pavilion erected in the ancient 

 Basilica Professor Ruggieri, the director of the 

 ex. a vat ions, delivered an address explaining 

 the newest mode of prosecuting discoveries, 

 and giving an account of some of the more im- 

 portant discoveries that have been made since 

 the excavations were commenced. He attempt- 

 ed to describe to the guests assembled the city 



