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PKUSSIA. 



sonal Work of the Holy Spirit " paper by the 

 Eev. Samuel Osgood, D. D., LL. D., of New- 

 York, and an address by the Rev. James Haugh- 

 ton of Yonkers. 



PRUSSIA, a kingdom of Europe, forming 

 part of the German Empire. King, William 

 I., German Emperor and King of Prussia. 

 (For an account of the royal family, see GER- 

 MANY.) The Prussian Ministry was composed 

 at the end of 1879 as follows: President, 

 Prince Bismarck, Minister of Foreign Affairs 

 and Chancellor of the German Empire ; Vice- 

 President, Count Otto zu Stolberg-Wernige- 

 rode (appointed May 29, 1878); Hofmann, 

 President of the Imperial Chancery (June 6, 

 1876) and Minister of Commerce (July 13, 

 1879) ; Count zu Eulenburg, Minister of the 

 Interior (March 30, 1878) ; Maybach, Minister 

 of Public Works (March 80, 1878); Bitter, 

 Minister of Finance (July 13, 1879) ; Von Putt- 

 kammer, Minister of Worship and Education 

 (July 13, 1879) ; Dr. Lucius, Minister of Agri- 

 culture (July 13, 1879) ; Dr. Friedberg, Minis- 

 ter of Justice (October, 1879). 



In consequence of the termination of the al- 

 liance which for many years had existed be- 

 tween Prince Bismarck and the National Lib- 

 eral party (see GERMANY), the three chief rep- 

 resentatives of Liberal views in the Prussian 

 Cabinet Herr Hobrecht, Minister of Finance, 

 formerly Burgomaster of Berlin, Dr. Falk, Min- 

 ister of Public Worship, and Dr. Friedenthal, 

 Minister of Agriculture resigned in July. 

 Their resignation was accepted by the King, 

 who appointed as their successors Herr K. H. 

 Bitter, Under-Secretary of State in the Min- 

 istry of the Interior, as Minister of Finance ; 

 Robert Victor von Puttkammer, President of 

 the province of Silesia, as Minister of Public 

 Instruction and Worship ; and Dr. Robert Lu- 

 cius, Minister of Agriculture. All the three 

 new Ministers are prominent members of the 

 Conservative party. Herr von Puttkammer was 

 born May 5, 1828, at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 

 and has been in the service of the Prussian 

 Government since 1852. In the war between 

 Prussia and Austria, in 1866, he was appointed 

 Civil Commissary for Moravia. In 1871 he be- 

 came Regierungsprasident (president of an 

 administrative district, of which most of the 

 Prussian provinces have two or three) at Gum- 

 binnen, in 1874 President of the government 

 of Lorraine, and in 1877 Olerprasident of the 

 province of Silesia. He has been a member of 

 the German Reichstag since 1873. In 1879 he 

 was one of the thirty members whom the King 

 of Prussia appointed members of the General 

 Synod of the United Evangelical Church of 

 Prussia. He is a brother-in-law of Prince Bis- 

 marck, his wife being a sister of the Princess 

 Bismarck. Dr. Lucius was born December 20, 

 1834, at Erfurt in the province of Saxony, and 

 is a very wealthy land-owner. He studied med- 

 icine at two German universities, took part in 

 1860 in the Spanish expedition against Moroc- 

 co, accompanied from 1860 to 1862 the Prus- 



sian embassy to eastern Asia as a physician, 

 and served in the campaigns against Denmark, 

 Austria, and France as officer of the Landwehr 

 cavalry. He has been a member of the Ger- 

 man Reichstag and the Prussian Landtag since 

 1870, and has always been one of the leaders 

 of the German Imperial party (Deutsche ReicTis- 

 partei), or, as it subsequently called itself, the 

 Free Conservative party. He is an intimate 

 friend of Prince Bismarck, and has often acted 

 as his agent in arranging compromises between 

 the Parliamentary parties. In 1879 the Ger- 

 man Reichstag elected him second Vice-Presi- 

 dent. Though he belongs by birth to the Ro- 

 man Catholic Church, he has always supported 

 the Prussian Government in its conflict with 

 the Church. Herr Bitter, the new Minister 

 of Finance, was born February 27, 1813, at 

 Schwedt, and has been in the state service 

 since 1833. He was from 1856 to 1860 Prus- 

 sian plenipotentiary in the European Commis- 

 sion of the Danube at Galatz, was appointed 

 in 1860 chief inspector of the Rhine naviga- 

 tion at Mannheim, and in 1869 President of 

 the financial section of the provincial govern- 

 ment of Posen. During the war with France 

 he was appointed Prefect of the department 

 of the Vosges, subsequently Civil Commissary at 

 Nancy, in 1872 Regierungsprasident in Schles- 

 wig, in 1876 in Dusseldorf, and in 1877 he be- 

 came Under-Secretary of State in the Ministry 

 of the Interior. He has achieved considerable 

 literary reputation as a musical writer, being 

 the author of works on Johann Sebastian Bach 

 (1865), Karl Ph. E. and Wilhelm Friedrich 

 Bach (1868), Gervinus, Handel, and Shake- 

 speare (1869), of " Contributions to a History 

 of the Oratorio " (1872), and of a revised trans- 

 lation of "Don Juan" (1872). Immediately 

 after the opening of the Supreme Court of 

 Germany (see GERMANY), on October 1st, Herr 

 Leonhardt, the Minister of Justice, resigned 

 on account of ill health. He was the last of 

 the Ministers who had since 1867 aided Prince 

 Bismarck in his plans for promoting German 

 unity. He was succeeded by Dr. Friedberg, 

 Secretary of State in the Imperial Office of 

 Justice. Dr. Heinrich Friedberg was born 

 January 27, 1813, studied law in the Univer- 

 sity of Berlin, was appointed Under-Secretary 

 of State for Justice in Prussia in 1873, and in 

 1876 Secretary of State in the Imperial Office 

 of Justice. As member of the Federal Coun- 

 cil he has taken a prominent part in legislation, 

 having been the author of the German penal 

 code, the military penal code, the law on civil 

 marriage, etc. 



The area of Prussia is 134,180 square miles, 

 and the population, according to the census of 

 1875, 25,742,404. (For the area and popula- 

 tion of the different provinces, see " Annual 

 Cyclopedia " for 1878.) 



In the budget for 1879-'80, the receipts and 

 expenditures were estimated at 711,500,758 

 marks (1 mark = 23'8 cents). The sources of 

 revenue were as follows : 



