BRAZIL. 



67 



sal) Brahmo Somaj of Calcutta, which has also 

 many members among the provincial somajes, 

 and has regular agents in various parts of India. 

 Its aims are stated in its annual report to he, 

 first, " to develop within itself and encourage 

 in others a life of piety, based upon direct and 

 immediate communion with the living God ; to 

 promote absolute spiritual freedom by combat- 

 ing all doctrines of incarnation, mediation, or 

 prophetship; to build morality and piety on 

 foundations of reason and conscience, illumined 

 by the light of divine intercourse ; and to strive 

 for a life in which devotion and earnest work 

 will commingle' 1 '; and, secondly, to introduce 

 a constitutional and representative mode of 

 church government. The declaration of prin- 

 ciples, read at the dedication of the church in 

 Calcutta in January, enforced the worship of 

 the One True God, to the exclusion of every 

 created person or thing, and of divine honors 

 "to any man or woman as God, or equal to 

 God, or an incarnation of God, or as appointed 

 of God " ; the renunciation of distinctions of 

 caste or social position; the catholicity of 

 Brahmoism (" no book or man shall be acknowl- 

 edged as infallible, and the only way to sal- 

 vation ; but, nevertheless, due respect shall be 

 paid to all scriptures, and the good and great 

 of all ages and countries ") ; and the main- 

 tenance of spirituality of doctrine. " Flowers, 

 spices, burnt-offerings, candles, and other ma- 

 terial accompaniments of worship," it said, 

 "shall never be used, and care shall be taken to 

 avoid everything tending to reduce religion to 

 mere parade and lifeless forms. . . . Anything 

 that will directly or indirectly encourage idola- 

 try, engender superstition, take away spiritual 

 freedom, lower conscience, or corrupt morals, 

 shall never be countenanced." The Sadharan 

 Brahmo Somaj sends missionaries over India, 

 sustains societies for religious culture among 

 the students of Calcutta, and maintains a 

 theistic library and a school for the higher edu- 

 cation of boys, with twenty teachers and 389 

 pupils, and labors by itself, and through asso- 

 ciated societies of women, for the improvement 

 of women. Among the reforms advocated by 

 the theists of India, of whom both of these 

 societies are branches, are the complete aboli- 

 tion of all caste restrictions ; the abolition of 

 the worship of deceassd ancestors ; a reform 

 of the ceremonies usual at births, and at cre- 

 mation ; reform of marriage customs (which is 

 pronounced equivalent to the reconstruction 

 of Hindoo society) ; the promotion of fe- 

 male education and emancipation ; the limita- 

 tion of men to one wife ; the removal of the 

 prohibition against the marriage of widows, 

 and social reform ; the suppression of intem- 

 peranr.e of all kinds; the promotion of educa- 

 tion among the people; and the social and 

 moral regeneration of India. 



BRAZIL (IMPERIO DO BRAZIL). (For details 

 relating to area, territorial divisions, popula- 

 tion, etc., reference may be made to the " An- 

 nual Cyclopaedia" for 1878.) 



The Emperor is Dom Pedro II, born De- 

 cember 2, 1825 ; proclaimed April 7, 1831 ; re- 

 gency until July 23, 1840 ; crowned July 18, 

 1841 ; married September 4, 1843, to Theresa 

 Christina Maria, daughter of the late King 

 Francis I of the Two Sicilies. 



The Cabinet in 1881 was composed of the 

 following ministers: Interior, Baron Homem 

 de Mello ; Justice, Councilor M. P. S. Dantas, 

 Senator ; Foreign Affairs, Councilor P. L. Pe- 

 reira de Souza, Deputy ; Finance, Councilor 

 J. A. Saraiva, Senator, and President of the 

 Council of State ; War, Councilor Franklin 

 Doria. Deputy; Navy, Councilor J. R. Lima 

 Duarte, Deputy; Public Works, Commerce, 

 and Agriculture, Councilor M. Buarque de 

 Macedo,* Deputy. 



The Council of State was composed of the 

 following members in ordinary: The Princess 

 Imperial, Donna Isabel ; Prince Gaston d'Or- 

 leans, Count d'Eu ; the Senators Viscount de 

 Abaete, Viscount de Muritiba, Viscount de 

 Bom Retiro, Viscount de Jaguary, Viscount 

 de Nictheroy, Viscount de Araxa, J. P. Diaz 

 de Carvacho, and J. J. Teixeira, Vice- Admiral 

 J. R. de Lamare ; Dr. P. J. Scares de Souza ; 

 and of members extraordinary : Senators J. L. 

 C. Paranagua and M. P. S. Dantas; Coun- 

 cilors Martin Francisco, B. A. de M. Taques, 

 and J. 0. de Andrade ; and Viscount de Pra- 

 dos. 



The President of the Senate, which com- 

 prises 58 members elected for life, was Vis- 

 count de Jaguary; and the Vice-President, 

 Count de Baependy. 



The President of the Chamber of Deputies, 

 with 122 members elected for four years, was 

 Viscount de Prados; and the Vice-President, 

 F. de Almeida. 



The Presidents of the several provinces were 

 as follows : 



Alagoas 



Ainazonas 



Bahia 



Ceara 



Espirito Santo 



Goyaz 



Maranhao 



Matto-Grosso 



Minas-Geraes 



Para 



Parahyba 



Parana 



Pernambuco 



Piauhy 



Rio Grande do Norte. . . 



Rio de Janeiro 



Santa Catharina 



Sao Paulo 



Sao Pedro (Rio Grande 



doSul) 



Sergipe 



Dr. J. E. Ferreira Jacoblna. 



Dr. A. J. Furtado. 



Senator J. L. O. Paranagua. 



Senator P. Leao Velioso. 



Dr. M. A. Tostes. 



Dr. J. A. I.eite de Monies. 



Dr. P. 8. Cincinato. 



Colonel J. M. ae Alencastro. 



Senator J. F. Meirade Vasconcallos. 



Dr. M. P. Souza Dantas Filho. 



Dr. J. Ferreira Carneiro. 



Dr. 8. B. Pimentel. 



Dr. J. A. de Azevedo Lima. 



Dr. S. Q. de Moura. 



Dr. A. D. Satyro. 



Dr. Martinho AS. Campos. 



Dr. J. R. Chaves. 



Senator F. C. de Abreu e Silva. 



Dr. F. P. Boares Brandao. 

 Dr. II. M. Inglez de Sousa. 



The Archbishop of Bahia t the Rt. Rev. L. A. 

 dos Santos (1880), is Primate of all Brazil ; 

 and there are eleven bishops : those of Para, 

 Sao Luiz, Fortaleza, Olinda, Rio de Janeiro, 

 Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre, Marianna, Diaman- 

 tina, Goyaz, and CuyabA. 



The Brazilian Minister Plenipotentiary and 

 Envoy Extraordinary to the United States is 



* Died August 29, 1881. (See OBITUARIES, FOKMGN.) 



