BRAZIL. 



(8.) By certificate extracted from the book of bank 

 companies or commercial or manufacturing associa- 

 tions, legally authorized, proving the citizen to have 

 been employed, for a year previously, at a salary not 

 less than the legal income. 



SEC. 3. As to income derived from public or pro- 

 vincial stocks, by authentic certificate Uiat he has held 

 in his own name, or, if married, in that of his wife, 

 for a year previously, stock yielding annually at least 

 the required income. 



SKC. 4. As to income derived from shares of legally 

 authorized banks and companies, or from deposits in 

 government savings-banks or others authorized by 

 the Government, by authentic certificate of holding, 

 for a year before enrollment, in his own or his wife's 

 name, shares or deposits yielding at least the said 

 annual income. 



ART. IV. The following are considered to have the 

 legal income, independent of proof : 



(1.) Holders of scientific or literary diplomas, of any 

 legally recognized faculty, academy, school or insti- 

 tute, Brazilian or foreign. The proof will be the 

 diploma itself, or any authentic document replac- 

 ing it. 



(2.) Clerks in holy orders. 



(3.) Citizens who "nave, for upward of a year before 

 enrollment, been directing houses of education or 

 teaching, or have been public teachers, by effective or 

 life-long nomination, or have been teaching in private 

 schools or colleges attended by at least twenty schol- 

 ars. 



A certificate from the inspector or director of public 

 instruction in Kio or in the provinces shall serve aa 

 proof thereof. 



(4.) Ministers and councilors of state, senators, 

 deputies to the General Assembly, members of the 

 Provincial Legislative Assemblies, the effective verea- 

 dores and the justices of peace with number. 



(5.} Employes of the diplomatic or consular corps. 



(6.) Officers of the army, navy, and police corps, 

 including the active and reserve, retired and honorary 

 with pay. 



(7.) Imperial, provincial, or municipal functionaries 

 having pay of over 200 milreis, with right of super- 

 annuation. 



(8.) Serventuarios for life in office of justice, with 

 allowances of at le_ast 200 milreis per annum. 



ART. V. Any citizen unable to prove the legal in- 

 come by any of the modes laid down in the preceding 

 articles will be permitted to do so by the rental value 

 of the house or houses he has lived in, with his own 

 earnings, during at least a year before, the rental value 

 paid by him being 400 milreis in Eio ; 300 milreis in 

 the cities of Bahia, Recife, Maranhao, Para, Nicthe- 

 rov, Sap Paulo, and Porto Alegre ; 200 milreis in 

 otner cities ; 100 milreis hi towns and other settle- 

 ments; also by rented farms, etc., paying 200 milreis 

 a year rent. 



(This proof must be made before a judge.) 



All certificates and other documents required for 

 enrollment of electors are exempt from stamp and any 

 other taxes. 



ARTS. VI to VIIT treat of the enrollment by the mu- 

 nicipal judges, with revision by the juiz de Direito, 

 and appeal to the Relac.ao. 



ART. IX. Excepting restrictions hereafter enumer- 

 ated, every citizen included in Article II is eligible as 

 senator, deputy to the General Assembly, member of 

 the Provincial Legislatures, vereador, lustice of the 

 peace, and any other charge created by law. 



Only section. A special condition of eligibility is : 



For senator of the empire, to be over forty years of 

 age^ and have 1,600 milreis income. 



For deputy to the General Assembly, member of the 

 Provincial Legislaturej to be over twenty-five years of 

 age, and have 800 milreis income ; and, as to natu- 

 ralized persons, have resided six years in Brazil. 



For vereador and justice of the peace, that of resi- 

 dence for at least two years within the municipality. 



ART. X enumerates a long list of functionaries in- 



eligible r.s senator, deputy, or provincial member, 

 within the region over which their functions extend, 

 and the ineligibility includes engineers, contractors, 

 furnishers, and others interested in public, guaranteed, 

 or subsidized works, or deriving pecuniary profit from 

 state, province, or municipality works, fchareholders, 

 however, are not included. 



AUT. XI. No remunerated public functionary can 

 hold his office during the session, if he accepts the 

 legislative mandate ; and if he accepts a ecnatorship, 

 he must at once be superannuated. 



Excepting ministers and secretaries of state, coun- 

 cilors of state, bishops, embassadors and envoys ex- 

 traordinary on special mission, presidents of provinces, 

 military and naval officers, as to seniority and pay, and 

 senators, etc., obtaining license from their resj'eetive 

 chambers. 



ART. XII forbids the election of ministers of state 

 as senators while holding office, and for six months 

 afterward, unless the vacancy occurs in the native 

 province or that of domicile. 



ART. XIII forbids the acceptance by senators, and 

 by deputies and members of provincial assemblies 

 during the session and sLx months after, of any paid 

 government or provincial employment or commission, 

 except of councilor of state, president of province, 

 embaesador or envoy extraordinary, bishop, and com- 

 mander of sea or land forces. It also lorbids their 

 obtaining concessions, privileges, contracts, etc., but 

 not patents. Two years of residence in the province 

 is required for election as provincial member. 



ARTS. XIV and XV treat of the elections in general. 



ART. XVI treats of elections of senators, which 

 must be by separate triple liste for each vacancy. 



ART. XVII treats of elections of deputies to the 

 Genera] Assembly, which will be in districts of one 

 deputy. Eio is to have three districts, BaMa and 

 Eecife two each. 



ART. XVIII treats of elections of vcreadores and 

 justices of the peace. 



ARTS. XIX to XXI, of penalties. 



ART. XXII postpones ail elections, except as pro- 

 vided for in Article XXIX of the Constitution, until 

 the conclusion of the first general enrollment, and the 

 Government may delay to the last working day of De- 

 cember, 1881, the general election of deputies to the 

 next Legislature. 



ART. XXIII provides for collecting, in a distinct 

 part of the instructions to be issued for the execution 

 of the law, all existing provisions and decisions in 

 harmony with it, to be submitted to Parliament for 

 approval. 



ART. XXV revokes contrary provisions. 



A novel event for Brazil was that of general 

 elections by a free constituency, untrammeled 

 by government pressure and unbiased by gov- 

 ernment interference. It was apprehended, 

 however, that electoral reforms may not prove 

 to be an unmixed blessing for Brazil just yet, 

 it being doubtful whether the masses are suffi- 

 ciently enlightened to see the necessity of 

 breaking with traditional evils and allowing 

 themselves to be carried along by the current 

 of modern progress. The late elections threw 

 a Liberal majority into the Chamber of Depu- 

 ties, while in the Senate the Conservatives were 

 and still remain in majority ; hence the position 

 of a Liberal Cabinet must needs "be embarrass- 

 ing, particularly so when hampered by the 

 parliamentary requirement of an absolute ma- 

 jority in the formation of a quorum. The pres- 

 ent Cabinet has little to fear on that score; 

 but, in the case of a successor, the difficulty 

 would at once arise, unless the Liberal major- 

 ity in the Chamber of Deputies should give 



