CHINA. 



105 



management of those matters, and will be a guarantee 

 for the legitimate outlay of the money expended on 

 them. 



Important improvements have been carried out on 

 the existing lines of telegraph for the purpose of af- 

 fording greater facility for communication. 



The prolongation of the line of telegraph to Ancud 

 is being actively pushed on, and in a few days more 

 the forts lately constructed in Arauco will be connect- 

 ed with the rest of the republic by telegraph. 



In conformity with the provisions of the act of Jan- 

 uary 14th of the present year, surveys are being made 

 for the plans and estimates of a railway from Angol 

 to the province of Valdivia, and at an early date I shall 

 apply for power to commence work on the first section 

 or that line. 



A bill, framed by the committee charged with the 

 revision of the civil code of procedure, providing for 

 the resort of cassation, will be laid before you. 



The Council of Education is discharging its labors 

 with commendable zeal, and it has submitted to the 

 government plans of studies for the course of " hu- 

 manities" ana mathematics, and a plan of examina- 

 tions for use in superior and secondary educational 

 establishments. 



Notwithstanding that during last year the war at- 

 tained its greatest spread and development, trade haa 

 continued its regular a_nd progressive course. The 

 circumstance of our having been able to carry military 

 operations into tlie enemies' territory from the very 

 commencement of hostilitieSj thanks to our naval su- 

 periority, a fact worthy of being remembered in every- 

 thing relating to the security and future of the repub- 

 lic, has, by maintaining open their sphere of action, 

 been the cause of trade and industry having been free 

 from uncertainties and fears which would nave para- 

 lyzed or hindered their progress. On the contrary, 

 the war itself, by its constant successes, has opened up 

 new fields to enterprise by the conquest of extensive 

 territories which have been sources of revenue to the 

 state, and of labor and wealth for private individuals. 



(For treaty of limits, see ARGENTINE REPUB- 

 LIC ; and for narrative of the war, PERU.) 



CHILI, PERU, AND THE UNITED STATES. 

 (See PERU, CHILI, AND THE UNITED STATES.) 



CHINA, an empire in Asia. Emperor, 

 Kwang-Su, formerly called Tsaeteen, born in 

 1872, a son of Prince Ch'un, and grandson to 

 the Emperor Tau-Kwang, who died in 1850 ; 

 he succeeded to the throne in 1875. 



The area and population of the provinces of 

 the empire were estimated as follows in 1880 : 



The area and population of the other parts 

 of the empire were as follows : 



The estimates of the population of Peking 

 vary between 500,000 and 1,650,000. The pop- 

 ulation of the treaty ports, according to the 

 "Returns of Trade at the Treaty Ports for 

 the Year 1880," were as follows: 



The number of foreigners of each nationality 

 in the treaty ports, and the number of business 

 houses belonging to each, were as follows in 

 1879: 



* According to " Reports on Trade at the Treaty Ports for 

 the Year 1879." By the Inspector-General of Customs, Shang- 

 hai. 



t Population in 1880, according to official reports In 

 "Deutscher Keichs-Anzeiger," April 25, 1881. 



The possibility of a war with Russia has 

 caused the Chinese Government to consider 

 plans for the reorganization of the army, and 

 it has actually begun the work of reform. Ac- 

 cording to the plan adopted, three armies are 

 to be organized : 1. The Army of Mantchooria, 

 comprising 30,000 men. and located between 

 Mukden and Tsitsikhar, with its headquarters 

 at Mukden. 2. The Army of Mongolia, 20,000 

 strong, which is intended to defend the roads 



