CONGRESS, UNITED STATES. 



187 



cratic States sustain two and the Republican 

 States eight, making a net gain to the certainly 

 Democratic States of six and to the Republican 

 States which are sometimes Democratic of two. 

 The eighteen States not named neither gain 

 nor lose. 



" Upon a basis of three hundred and eleven 

 members fifteen States gain altogether twenty- 

 two members, namely : Arkansas, California, 

 Georgia, Iowa, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, 

 North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and 

 West Virginia, gain one each ; Minnesota and 

 Nebraska two each ; Kansas three, and Texas 

 four ; of which gain the certainly Democratic 

 States have twelve and the other States ten. 



" Four States, Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- 

 mont, and New York, each lose one, leaving 

 the net gain to the certainly Democratic States 

 twelve and to the Republican States six. The 

 other nineteen States neither gain nor lose. 



" Upon a basis of three hundred and nine- 

 teen, the bill of the minority, twenty-one States 

 gain twenty-nine members, namely, Arkansas, 

 California, Mississippi, North Carolina, South 

 Carolina, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Ohio, 

 Kentucky, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsyl- 

 vania, Virginia, and West Virginia, each one ; 

 Nebraska, Minnesota, and Michigan, each two; 

 Kansas three, and Texas four ; of which num- 

 ber the certainly Democratic States gain thir- 

 teen and the other States sixteen. 



" Upon the basis of three hundred and nine- 

 teen, three States, Maine, New Hampshire, and 

 Vermont, each lose one, making the net gain 

 to the certainly Democratic States thirteen, 

 and to the other States thirteen, and producing 

 an equality of gains between the States cer- 

 tainly Democratic and the other States. 



" To recapitulate : Upon a basis of three 

 hundred and one, the certainly Democratic 

 States have a net gain of six ; the other States 

 have a net gain of two. Upon a basis of three 

 hundred and eleven, the certainly Democratic 

 States have a net gain of twelve ; the other 

 States have a net gain of six ; Upon a basis 

 of three hundred and nineteen, the certainly 

 Democratic States have a net gain of thirteen ; 

 the other States have a net gain of thirteen. 



"Fewer States (only three) lose upon the 

 last basis than upon either of the others. 



" Fewer States (fourteen) stand still, without 

 gain or loss, than upon the other rates. And 

 four of these fourteen States, namely, Oregon, 

 Nevada, Colorado, and Delaware, could not 

 gain upon any practicable ratio, thus leaving 

 only ten States stationary. 



" The gains and losses under the different 

 ratios are owing to the change of divisor and 

 consequent change of fractions. Upon the ba- 

 sis of three hundred and one, the number of 

 Representatives upon an even division would 

 be but two hundred and eighty-two, and the 

 twenty highest fractions are therefore each 

 given a Representative to make the number 

 three hundred and one. 



" Upon a basis of three hundred and eleven, 



and also three hundred and nineteen, membera 

 are given to eighteen fractions. The States 

 which gain a member upon a fraction at three 

 hundred and nineteen, which do not have them 

 at three hundred and eleven, are Illinois, Ken- 

 tucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, 

 Ohio, and California. 



" The basis of three hundred and twenty- 

 two would give a net gain of thirteen to the 

 States certainly Democratic, and sixteen to the 

 other States. But in the interest of fairness 

 the minority chose three hundred and nineteen 

 instead of three hundred and twenty-two. 



" I do not contend that the different sections 

 of the country should necessarily gain equally 

 in their representation. Of course that must 

 depend upon the population of the States and 

 sections. But, as will be seen by the examples 

 I have given, there is quite a latitude within 

 which changes may be made, and within those 

 limits is the field of dispute, over which is 

 waged the war of debate, upon which also are 

 sought to be gained advantages which could 

 not be secured upon a division based upon 

 whole numbers only and not partly upon frac- 

 tions. This being so, we must recognize the 

 fact, and select that number for a ratio which 

 will be most fair and equitable in its opera- 

 tion. 



"Another point worth observing is that all 

 the gains on present representation between 

 the numbers three hundred and one and three 

 hundred and eleven fall to the Southern States, 

 the South, as I have before pointed out, at the 

 latter number having a net gain of six ; while 

 between the numbers three hundred and eleven 

 and three hundred and nineteen all the gains 

 but one are in the Northern States, and having 

 arrived at three hundred and nineteen the gains 

 between North and South are equal. Another 

 thing to be observed is that the greatest loss 

 which the New England and central States 

 sustain actually and relatively is at three hun- 

 dred and one. The central States do not hold 

 their own until they pass three hundred and 

 eleven. 



" Can any member in this House, in the face 

 of these figures, vote for either of the num- 

 bers three hundred and one or three hundred 

 and eleven? The only reasonable excuse for 

 so doing is that three hundred and nineteen 

 makes the House too large. It is but eight 

 larger than three hundred and eleven. Who 

 can say an addition of eight or eighteen would 

 be at all perceptible in this House ? " 



Mr. Crowley, of New York : " Every ap- 

 portionment bill pending in this House bases 

 representation upon numbers only. That was 

 the principle of the old Constitution, under 

 which nine censuses were taken and nine ap- 

 portionments made ; but under section 2 of 

 the fourteenth amendment voters as well as 

 numbers may be taken into the account in 

 apportioning Representatives among the re- 

 spective States ; and when any State denies to 

 any of its qualified male citizens, being twenty- 



