GOULD, THOMAS R. 



GRAPE-CULTURE 



353 



the impurities is greater than in sugar-house 

 molasses, and of which considerable quantities 

 are sold, gives under the same test a marked 

 turbidity, and a deposit of hard and gritty crys- 

 tals of pure sugar on the sides and bottom of 

 the vessel, which does not at all resemble the 

 precipitate of starch-sugar sirup. The presence 

 of starch-glucose in a molasses of about 40 

 Baume" may be easily detected by the optical 

 saccharometer ; but the direct test should show 

 a percentage of sugar not higher than the num- 

 ber of Baum6 degrees indicating the density, 

 and it may be two or three per cent lower. 

 Adulteration may also be detected by the cop- 

 per test. The validity of these tests rests upon 

 the supposition that the adulterant is added in 

 the usual large quantities. A very small addi- 

 tion would not be perceived. 



The " National Glucose and Grape- Sugar As- 

 sociation " was organized by a convention in 

 which all the manufacturers of the United 

 States were represented, which met in Chica- 

 go, Illinois, January 11, 1882. Mr. J. A. Cun- 

 ningham, of Danville, Illinois, was chosen pres- 

 ident, and Mr. J. Fermenich, of Buffalo, New 

 York, vice-president of the body. 



GOULD, THOMAS R., born in Boston ; died 

 in Florence, Italy, November 26, 1881. In his 

 early life Mr. Gould was engaged with his 

 brother in the dry-goods business, and was an 

 active member of the Mercantile Library As- 

 sociation. He did not devote himself to art 

 until he had attained quite a mature age. His 

 only master was Seth Cheney, in whose studio 

 he modeled his first figure in 1851. He fol- 

 lowed his profession in Boston until 1868, and 

 among the works which he produced were 

 two colossal heads representing " Christ " and 

 "Satan," both of which were shown at the 

 Boston Athenaeum in 1863. James, in his 

 " Art Thoughts," mentions the " Christ," in its 

 character of an opposing conception to "Satan," 

 as " one of the finest felt and conceived ideal- 

 isms in modern sculpture." Previous to the 

 civil war, Mr. Gould had acquired a moderate 

 fortune, which he lost in the exigencies of the 

 succeeding crisis. In 1868 he went to Italy 

 and settled with his family in Florence. There 

 he devoted himself to study and work. One 

 of his most celebrated statues is " The "West 

 Wind," that has been several times reproduced, 

 and was brought into special prominence in 

 1874, through a letter written to the New 

 York " World," by Stephen Weston Healy, who 

 charged certain American artists in Italy, 

 among whom he named Mr. Gould, with fraud 

 and charlatanry saying that "The West Wind" 

 was a reproduction of Canova's " Hebe," 

 with the exception of the drapery, which was 

 modeled' by Signer Mazzoli. Animated news- 

 paper correspondence followed this charge, and 

 it was proved groundless. Mr. Gould declared 

 that his designs were all and entirely his own, 

 and that not a statue, bust, or medallion was 

 allowed to leave his studio until finished in all 

 points on which depended their character and 

 VOL. xxi. 23 A 



expression. Among Mr. Gould's works are a 

 number of portrait busts, including one of 

 Emerson, now in Harvard University Library; 

 one of William Monroe, in the Concord Library; 

 one of John A. Andrew ; one of Seth Cheney, 

 owned by Mr. John Cheney, of Connecticut; 

 and one of the elder Booth, in Booth's Theatre, 

 New York. In statuary he has produced "Cleo- 

 patra," "Timon of Athens," "Ariel," a por- 

 trait statue of John Hancock, which was ex- 

 hibited at the centennial celebration of the 

 battle of Lexington in 1875, and is now in Lex- 

 ington Town Hall. His portrait statue of John 

 A. Andrew was placed in the Hingham Ceme- 

 tery, by the Grand Army of the Republic. In 

 1878 Mr. Gould visited Boston, and exhibited 

 " The Ghost in Hamlet," a front view of a 

 large head in alto rilieto. The two alti ri- 

 lievi representing "Steam " and "Electricity," 

 which flank the vestibule of the " Boston Her- 

 ald " building, are among his latest works. 



GRAPE -CULTURE IN THE UNITED 

 STATES. The culture of the grape in the 

 United States is a matter of increasing inter- 

 est and importance. Efforts have been made 

 on the part of tbe Department of Agriculture 

 under Government to obtain accurate informa- 

 tion as to the extent of this culture, the sur- 

 face planted in vines in the different States, 

 and the quantity and value of the production 

 of wine in our vast and varied country. The 

 importance of the grape-culture is shown by 

 noting the fact that about 5,000,000 gallons of 

 wine are every year imported into the United 

 States at a cost of about the same number of 

 millions of dollars. Statistics show that, in 

 California, over 32,000 acres are planted in 

 vines ; 13,500,000 gallons of wine are produced ; 

 estimated value, $4,047,000. New York ranks 

 second, in having 12,646 acres planted with 

 vines, yielding, however, only 584,148 gallons, 

 valued at $387,308. Ohio has nearly 10,000 

 acres under this culture, yielding over 1,500,- 

 000 gallons; estimated value, $1,628,000. Mis- 

 souri ranks fourth in the number of acres plant- 

 ed, i. e., 7,376, which yield 1,824,000 gallons, 

 at a value of $1,320,000. Georgia has about 

 3,000 acres planted, producing over 1,000,000 

 gallons, at a value of some $800,000. Other 

 States have more or less space devoted to the 

 culture of the grape, as is shown in the tables 

 prepared by the Government authorities, the 

 total being, in all the States, 181,583 acres 

 planted, 23,453,827 gallons produced ; estimat- 

 ed value, $13,426,174.87. 



In California some of the fruit finds its way 

 to the markets for table consumption ; the 

 raisin industry consumes an important propor- 

 tion, and a considerable quantity is worked up 

 for the still. The vines being generally free 

 from disease, and planted more closely, the 

 yield per acre in fruit and wine is much great- 

 er than prevails east of the Rocky Mountains. 

 Some sections of the State are affected by the 

 phylloxera, but vigorous measures are being 

 taken to restrain its ravages. But this is about 



