354 



GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 



the only source of injury to the vines in the 

 State, and the acreage in vineyards is constant- 

 ly increasing. California produces, in fact, 

 nearly two thirds of all the wine made in the 

 United States. It may be noted here that, 

 though this industry is not so concentrated as 

 in California in any of the States east of the 

 Rocky Mountains, and though there is no sec- 

 tion in these States so free from diseases and 

 in which the yield per acre is so great, yet, on 

 the other hand, the Eastern vintners receive 

 their measure of reward in the higher prices 

 obtained for their products, being nearer the 

 localities of consumption. The total value of 

 the wine produced east of the Rocky Mount- 

 ains is more than twice as great as that pro- 

 duced in California, while the product in the 

 latter is at least from three to four million 

 gallons greater than in the former. The total 

 result certainly shows the importance of this 

 industry, and its rightful claim to all due en- 

 couragement. 



During the last ten years it appears that 

 comparatively little change has been made with 

 reference to the kind of grapes grown in the 

 Eastern States. Of the red grapes the Con- 

 cord and Ives seedling, and of the white ones 

 the Catawba and Delaware, seem to be the 

 favorites through the Northern States. Other 

 varieties, as those of the Labrusca, prevail in 

 some vicinities, and wherever the Norton's 

 Virginia have been tried they seem to have 

 given good results. They are found to be 

 hardier against attacks from insects, mildew, 

 rot, etc., while, if they yield less in quantity 

 than the Concord, the quality of the product 

 is found to he superior. In the States south 

 of the 35th parallel the Vulpina and the Can- 

 dicans are the favorites on account of their 

 abundant production, the easiness of their cult- 

 ure, and their freedom from disease. Other 

 varieties are being introduced, but are not likely 

 to supersede the native varieties, at least for 

 years to come. The diseases which attack 

 American vines are much the same as those 

 which afflict foreign vineyards, and every ef- 

 fort is being made to meet and counteract them. 



GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, a king- 

 dom of Western Europe. The Queen, Victoria, 

 was born May 24, 1819. She is a daughter of 

 Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, the fourth son 

 of George III ; succeeded her uncle, William 

 IV, in 1837 ; and married in 1840 Prince Albert 

 of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. 



Children of the Queen. 1. Princess Victo- 

 ria, born November 21, 1840 ; married in 1858 

 to the present Crown Prince of Germany. 2. 

 Prince Albert Edward, heir-apparent, born No- 

 vember 9, 1841 ; married in 1863 to Princess 

 Alexandra, daughter of King Christian IX of 

 Denmark. Issue, two sons and three daughters ; 

 eldest son, Albert Victor, born January 8, 1864. 

 3. Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, born Au- 

 gust 6, 1844; married in 1874 to the Grand 

 Duchess Maria of Russia. He is heir-apparent 

 to the Duke. of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. He has 



issue, one son and three daughters. 4. Prin- 

 cess Helena, born May 25, 1846 ; married in 

 1866 to Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein- 

 Sonderburg-Augustenburg. 5. Princess Louise, 

 born March 18, 1848; married in 1871 to the 

 Marquis of Lome. 6. Prince Arthur, Duke of 

 Connaught and Strathearne, born May 1, 1850; 

 married March 13, 1879, to Princess Louise 

 Margarethe, daughter of Prince Frederick 

 Charles of Prussia. 7. Prince Leopold, born 

 April 7, 1853. 8. Princess Beatrice, born 

 April 14, 1857. 



The Cabinet was composed as follows in the 

 year 1881 : First Lord of the Treasury and 

 Chancellor of the Exchequer, Right lion. W. 

 E. Gladstone, M.P. ; Lord High Chancellor, 

 Lord Selborne ; Lord President of the Council, 

 Earl Spencer ; Lord Privy Seal, Duke of Argyll ; 

 Secretaries of State : 1. Home Department, 

 Right Hon. Sir Vernon-Harcourt, . Baronet, 

 M. P. ; 2. Foreign Affairs, Earl Granville ; 3. 

 Colonies, Earl of Kimberley; 4. War, Right 

 Hon. Hugh C. E. Childers, M. P. ; 5. India, 

 Marquis of Hartington, M. P. ; First Lord of 

 the Admiralty, Earl of Northbrook ; Chancellor 

 of the Duchy of Lancaster, Right Hon. John 

 Bright, M. P. ; Chief Secretary for Ireland, 

 Right Hon. W. E. Forster, M. P. ; President of 

 the Local Government Board, Right Hon. John 

 G. Dodson, M. P. 



The area and population of the British Em- 

 pire are as follows: 



The population of Great Britain and Ireland, 

 according to a preliminary report on the census 

 taken in 1881, was as follows : 



The increase of population from 1821 was as 

 follows : 



