400 HEARING, OR COLOR-HEARING. 



HENNI, JOHN M. 



signed the premiership in 1879, Haymerle was 

 called to succeed him. The duty fell to him 

 of carrying out the stipulations of the Austro- 

 Germaii treaty of alliance concluded by An- 

 drassy. 



HEARING, OR COLOR-HEARING. This 

 latter expression has been applied to a phe- 

 nomenon, of which some few persons are con- 

 scious. It is the appearance of certain colors 

 accompanying the perception of music-sounds 

 or noises. In 1873 Nussbaumer described 

 this double perception, as he and his brother 

 had it, and Ilerren Bleuler and Lehmann, in 

 Zurich, have recently made a more systematic 

 study of the subject. The colors attending 

 notes differ in different individuals. Generally 

 the higher notes are accompanied by lighter 

 colors, and the loAver by darker. Chords 

 either cause the colors which correspond to 

 their notes to appear side by side, or give a 

 mixture of those colors. A thorough musician 

 who was examined perceived a distinct color 

 with each key viz., C major, gray; G flat 

 major, reddish brown ; A major, blue ; A 

 minor, lead-color ; F sharp major, yellow ; and 

 so on. The same note in different keys changes 

 in color according to the color of the key in 

 which it is found. To many persons, too, the 

 same piece played by different instruments ap- 

 pears in different colors. Noises, again, are 

 generally accompanied with colors, these being 

 usually of a gray or brown hue. Increased 

 intensity of sound affects the color perceived, 

 and more so in the case of noise than in that 

 of musical notes : in the latter the intensity of 

 color is increased ; in the former a transparent 

 effect observed gives way in some measure to 

 opacity. These writers pursue their studies 

 into the colors some minds perceive on hear- 

 ing consonants, vowels, diphthongs, words, etc., 

 some of which cases seem to be explicable by 

 direct " association." By four persons sound 

 was perceived as a result of sensations of light 

 and color e. g., a broad, quietly -burning gas- 

 flame led to perception of a sound constructed 

 of w and a light vowel like e. When the flame 

 flickered the sound grew similar to I. In color- 

 hearing no essential difference between the two 

 sexes has been demonstrated. Of 76 " color- 

 hearers," 59 per cent were males and 41 per 

 cent females. The percentage of " color- 

 hearers " in 596 individuals examined was only 

 12'5. The phenomenon is to a great degree 

 hereditary. 



HEATING OF HOUSES. Engineers have 

 been experimenting in Great Britain, with 

 satisfactory results, upon the warming of build- 

 ings, with reference to the avoidance of smoke 

 and the economy of fuel. Dr. C. W. Siemens 

 has devised an arrangement for burning coke 

 and gas together in an open fire-place, by which 

 a greater heating effect is obtained than from 

 coal or from coke alone, and at a lower cost 

 than either of those fuels. Coke is the more 

 perfect fuel of the two, because none of the 

 calorific effect is diverted to the volatilization 



of the hydrocarbons and ammonia of the nat- 

 ural coal. From 100 pounds of the best Eng- 

 lish coal 66 pounds of coke, containing 6 

 pounds of earthy matter, and 84 pounds of 

 volatile matter, comprising, besides water- 

 vapor, ammonia, and tar, 16 pounds of pure 

 combustible gas, are obtained in the gas-retort. 

 The 60 pounds of solid carbon contained in 

 the coke develop in combustion 870,000 heat- 

 units; the 16 pounds of illuminating gas on 

 burning give forth 352,000 heat-units. From 

 the sum must be deducted 60,000 units, the 

 approximate amount of heat required for lib- 

 erating the volatile constituents of the coal, 

 and heating the coke to redness, leaving 11,- 

 600 heat-units per pound as the maximum 

 heating effect that can be obtained from coal. 

 In practice only a small part of this is utilized, 

 only about one eighth of the possible maximum 

 being obtained in the best steam-engines. In 

 domestic economy the loss of heat is much 

 greater still. Coke alone is very hard to 

 burn in a chimney-fire, and burns without 

 flame. Both these objections are removed by 

 Dr. Siemens's ingenious grate, in which jets of 

 gas are used to ignite the coke, increase the 

 heat, and afford a cheerful flame. His grate 

 is admirably constructed to throw out the 

 largest possible proportion of the heat into the 

 apartment. Besides being absolutely smoke- 

 less, the coke-gas fire heats better than any 

 coal-fire, it can be regulated at will, it is 

 lighted without trouble, requires no stirring, 

 and the fuel costs less than coal. The cost 

 per day of nine hours, at London prices, was 

 found to be 2 - 604<Z. for 62 cubic feet of gas 

 at 3s. Gd. per thousand, and 2'121<Z. for 22 

 pounds of coke at 18s. per ton, in all 4 - 725<Z. 

 per day, or - 527<Z. per hour, against 5'7rf. per 

 day, or '633(7. per hour for a coal-fire taking 

 47 pounds of coal a day at 23s. a ton. In the 

 process of separating gas from coal the marsh- 

 gas, which is of low illuminating power, leaves 

 the coal first, and the olefiant and acetylene 

 gases afterward. If a double system of reser- 

 voirs and mains were used in cities, the former 

 could be drawn off and served for heating pur- 

 poses, for which it is admirably adapted, being 

 less likely to produce soot than the other gases, 

 while they are greatly superior as illuminants. 

 HENNI, JOHN MARTIN, born 1805, in Can- 

 ton Graubilndten, Switzerland ; died Septem- 

 ber 7, 1881, at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Arch- 

 bishop Henni was one of the oldest Catholic 

 prelates in America. He studied at St. Gal- 

 len and Lucerne,. and, after graduating, visited 

 Rome in furtherance of his aspirations to the 

 priesthood. He emigrated to America in 1829, 

 at the request of the Rt. Rev. Dr. Fen wick, Bish- 

 op of Boston. The same year he was conse- 

 crated to the priesthood. Cincinnati and Can- 

 ton, Ohio, were the first scenes of his ministe- 

 rial labors, and soon after that he became Vi- 

 car-General of the diocese. In 1835 he visited 

 Europe for financial aid, and was most success- 

 ful in bis efforts, and, on his return, he estab- 





