I.VJ 



JAPAN. 



the band of the dreaded robber-chieftoin Le- 

 one, and wan captured with two of his com- 

 pjiiiious after a de-perate struggle in 1878, and 

 l.Lvd in jail tit h.l.-nm.; hut he leaped from 

 the wagon when U-ini: rmiveveil t<> the court, 

 and in spite of the vigilance nt tlie polio- made 

 bia escape abroad. >inr<- then to the date of 

 his recapture he followed the trade of a fruit- 

 dealer in New Orleans, where he sailed a small 

 Y6BM1 on trading trips in the neighboring wa- 

 ters. H<- had many friends among the immi- 

 grants from Southern Italy settled in that eiiy. 

 Mertivi- engaged for the Italian Govern- 

 ment resorted to a rute and conveyed him on 

 Chipboard and detained him there without le- 

 gal warrant, but when the case came up be- 

 fore the court in New York, whence the or- 

 der for his arrest had been issued, it was held 



that the court could not discharge him on 

 the ground of his having been brought with- 

 in its jurisdiction by unlawful means. The 

 circumstance of the evidence offered by the 

 Italian Government being somewhat incom- 

 plete and conflicting, and that of his having 

 been taken away from New Orleans where he 

 claimed to have been living at the time when 

 the crimes laid to his charge were committed, 

 left a doubt in the public mind of his identity. 

 \\ lien brought to trial, however, in Palermo he 

 was proved by unquestionable evidence to be 

 the brigand Randazzo. Among the numerous 

 crimes and cruelties committed by him the 

 most notorious was his latest, that of cutting 

 off the ears of the English tourist Rose and 

 sending them to his friends to terrify them into 

 paying an enormous ransom. 



The receipts and expenditures were estimated 

 as follows, in the budget of 1880-'81 (in yens; 

 1 yen = 99-3 cents) : 



JAPAN, an empire in Eastern Asia. The 

 sovereign bears tlie title of " Tenno " or " Mi- 

 kado.'' The reigning Mikado, Mutz-Hito, was 



born at Tokio, September 22, 1852, and sue- RECEIPTS. 



ceeded his father, Komei-Tenno, in 1867. He Customs 2.660.46-2 



was married on December 28, 1868, to Prin- 



i i* i<->*/\ j -LA. p .hxclse 6,966,029 



cess Hani ko, born April 17, 1850, daughter of other taxes 4.1 -.'-.: *7-2 



Prince Idchidgo. There is no regular law of E, U K!! C 7 (>rk f 1.407.647 



succession, and, in case of the death or abdica- ^lic domains and miscellaneous receipts 650.956 



tion of the Mikado, the crown does not gener- Total ordinary receipts 66,616,907 



ally devolve upon his son, but upon either the 



eldest or most distinguished member of the Total 69,988,507 



Shi-Shinn6, the four imperial families of Japan. EXPENDITURES. 



These families are the Katzura, Arisugawa, Pubiicdebt 21,449,906 



Fushimi, and Kanin. The power of the Mikado p'ensionl' 5%'744 



is unlimited in temporal as well as spiritual Council of state!......! '.".'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' 500,000 



affairs. He acts through on executive ministry 25!iri ; ";;- l 84 -^ 00 



, , i . . r j.\ Ministry of Foreign Affairs .. 201.000 



divided into nine departments, viz., of the interior 1.647J50 



Imperial House, Foreign Affairs, War, Navy, Finance... 



Finances, Interior, Public Instruction, and EC- y"y f'o'isooo 



clesiastical Affairs. At the side of the minis- Public Education ............ I'lsi.'ioo 



try stands the " Sam " or Senate, composed of ^ ub ' ic Works 5^SS2 



, , . . Justice . 1.7NVOO 



thirty members, and the Shorn, or the Council the imperial House 848,000 



of State, of an unlimited number of members, Colonization 1,834.199 



both nominated by the Mikado. Prov^^admhiistra'tion: '.'.'.'.'.'.".' 45892&0 



The area in 1881 was estimated at 382,363 Posts i....'..*....'.'..'. i',26o!ooo 



square kilometres ; the population, January 1 , Promotion of industry 103,172 



1876, was 34,338,404, of whom 17,419,785 SSShifli""!!"!!;^"!^ 135.000 



were males, and 1 6,918,619 females. The Bo- E^ 1 ' 6 buildings, canals, etc '....' l,S64!4i5 



nin Islands, belonging to Japan, have an area 

 of 84 square kilometres, and a population of 



75. Tokio, the Capital, inclusive Of Suburbs, Ordinary expenditures 66,494.623 



had in 1881 a population of 1,140,566 ; Osaka, 



in 1881,291,086. The number of foreign resi- Total 59,988,507 



dents in 1879 was as followsj Th e public debt, on July 1, 1880, amounted 



to 358,047,291 yens; the reserve fnnds and 



OUJ - other resources amounted to 51,325,515 yens, 



o 245 8639 leaving 306,721,776 yens unprovided for. 



54 '421 The sudden transformation which the whole 



657 1,049 social fabric in Japan has been undergoing, 



"^ 71 since the revolution of 1868, excites the won- 



- der of travelers and is a puzzle to every stu- 



8,649 I 6,047 dent of history. Apparently by command of 



ToWo 

 HtooaB<lOMk 



Hakodadi. 

 Total. 



1.394 



867 



892 



214 



81 



