500 



LITERATURE, CONTINENTAL, IN 1881. 



philosophical drama, "Stanislav a Ludmila," 

 founded on the Hussite movement. 



Sofia Podlipska has an historical romance, 

 " Jaroslav ze Sternberka," and the first part of 

 a social novel, " Peregrinus." Alois Jirasek 

 published " Na Dvoro Vevodskom " (" In the 

 Duke's Court"), and V. Benes is the author 

 of a series of popular fictions under the titles 

 " Cestou Krizovou " (" By the Passion Road "), 

 "Stadicky'Krul" ("The King of Staditz"), 

 and " Letopisy Sdzavske " (" The Chronicles of 



Sazava"). 



FRANCE. At the present day the rate of 

 production of the publishers exceeds in Paris 

 alone two hundred books and pamphlets per 

 week. 



Lecoy de la Marche has published a life of 

 St. Martin. A manual of the history of re- 

 ligions has been translated by Maurice Verne 

 from the Dutch of C. P. Tiele. A new com- 

 mentary on the Bible is by Edouard Reuss. 

 Marius Fontane has undertaken a universal 

 history, and gives as a first installment " L'Inde 

 Vedique," presenting a picture of social life 

 and of the early development of the ancient 

 Indian civilization ; the second volume will be 

 entitled " Les Iraniens." Of the " Ecrits In6- 

 dits de Saint Simon," annotated and edited 

 by M. Faugere, two volumes have appeared. 

 Lieutenant-Colonel Jung's " Bonaparte et son 

 Temps" has been eagerly read. The "Memoires 

 de M. Claude," who was chief officer of the 

 Police de Stirete, is a sensational book ; these 

 memoirs have been disowned. 



Among the noteworthy historical publica- 

 tions of the year are the " Marechale de Vil- 

 lars et son Temps," by Ch. Giraud ; a book on 

 Charlemagne by Lucien Double ; a book en- 

 titled " Histoire du Tribunal R6volutionnaire 

 de Paris avec le Journal de ses Actes," by H. 

 Wallon; Ch. Hippeau's " Instruction Publique 

 pendant la R6volution " ; Augustin Marrast's 

 " Vie Bysantine au VI* Siecle," and a popular 

 illustrated history of France, written from a 

 democratic point of view. Chantelauze, who 

 edited Commines, has published a monograph 

 on the amours of Louis XIV and Marie de 

 Mancini ; and Jules Lair a monograph on Lou- 

 ise de La Valliere. A " History of the French 

 Language," traced from its birth and develop- 

 ment down to the end of the sixteenth century, 

 is by A. Loiseau. The Marquis de Nadaillac's 

 " Les Premiers Hommes et les Temps Prehis- 

 toriques " is a work on the antiquity of the hu- 

 man race. Felix Puaux writes on " Les Pr6- 

 curseurs Francais de la Tolerance au XVII* 

 Siecle." Noteworthy works of military his- 

 tory are Bourelly's " Life of Marshal Faber," 

 and Staff-Captain L. Vial's " Histoire Abregee 

 des Campagnes Modernes jusqu'en 1880." 



It is only ten years since the science of ge- 

 ography began in France to be considered of 

 much moment. Jules Verne's story-books have 

 helped not a little to stimulate the study of this 

 science. Most of the publishers have under- 

 taken the publication of " Bibliotheques de 



Voyages," the most successful of which are the 

 "Journal des Voyages " and of Edouard Char- 

 ton's u Tour du Monde." The " Nouvelle Geo- 

 graphie Universelle," by Elis6e Reclus, is the 

 work of a great geographer. Simonin's "Ports 

 de la Grande Bretagne " is popular. Paul 

 Soleillet's travels in the Sahara and Soudan, 

 and u L'Europe Illustree," appear in parts. 

 Rochefort's "Voyage de Noumea en Europe " 

 was much read. The expedition to Tunis 

 brought forth books on the regency of Tunis, 

 on Algeria, and on the colonies, in great num- 

 bers. 



The " Discours et Plaidoyers de Gambetta " 

 will contain all the addresses of the great ad- 

 vocate as well as all his parliamentary speeches. 

 The " Lecons, Discours, et Conferences" of 

 Paul Bert, Minister of Public Instruction, con- 

 tain physiological lectures on the vital princi- 

 ple. " L'CEuvre de Claude Bernard " is a thick 

 volume, furnished with an introduction by 

 Mathias Duval, and notes by E. Renan, P. Bert, 

 and Armand Moreau. 



In addition to continual reprints of the works 

 of Auguste Comte, there has just been pub- 

 lished a summary of the " Positive Philosophy," 

 by Jules Rig. Alexis Bertrand's "L'Apercep- 

 tion du Corps Humain par la Conscience " is a 

 book which has provoked warm controversy. 

 Fouillee's " Science Sociale " is an able work. 

 " L'Histoire de la Philosophic Scolastique," by 

 M. Haureau, gives an account of the later ex- 

 ponents of mediaeval scholasticism. Octave 

 Noel's " Etude sur 1'Organisation Francaise de 

 la France " traces in the past the originals of 

 the modern French administrative system. Y. 

 Guyot has written " Doctrines Sociales du 

 Christianisme," an exposition of the social prin- 

 ciples of Christianity, their application, and the 

 influence at present exercised by Christianity 

 on humanity. There is an essay on the dis- 

 tribution of wealth by Paul Leroy Beaulien. 

 Adam Smith's " Wealth of Nations " has been 

 translated by Germain Gamier. Alexanclre 

 Beljame has written an essay on English men 

 of letters and their readers in the seventeenth 

 century. 



New works in philology are, a book on French 

 etymology, by Hippolyte Cocheris, and Profilet 

 de Mussy's " Nouveau Cours Pratique de la 

 Langue Francaise." F. Godefroy's colossal en- 

 terprise, the " Grand Dictionnaire de 1'An- 

 cienne Langue Francaise et de tous ses Dia- 

 lectes du IX' au XV' Siecle," is still progress- 

 ing. Interesting works of the same class are 

 the " Dictionnaire des Lieux Communs," and 

 the " Dictionnaire d'Argot," by Lucien Ri- 

 gaud. 



Of the naturalistic school of fiction, the 

 master, Zola, had not published his new novel 

 before the end of the year, and only appeared 

 as a critic and controversialist. J. K. Huys- 

 mans, one of his disciples, published " En Me- 

 nage," and another, Henri Ceard, makes his first 

 essay with "Une Belle Journee." The post- 

 humous work of Gustave Flaubert, " Bouvard 



