NOXIOUS INSECTS AND PLANT PARASITES. 



669 



Total exports for 1881 : 



Cotton, bales 121,005 



Spirits turpentine, casks 87,644 



Rosin, barrels 486,819 



Tar, barrels 69,888 



Crude turpentine, barrels 2,487 



As compared with total exports for 1880 : 



Cotton, bales 106,166 



Spirits turpentine, casks 102,726 



Rosin, barrels 447,710 



Tar, barrels 63,441 



Crude turpentine, barrels 8,866 



Total number of vessels arrived during the 

 year, 306 American, registering 119,414 tons; 

 and 244 foreign, registering 88,292 tons. 

 Grand totals : 604 vessels, registering 207,706 

 tons. 



In the extreme western part of the State, 

 in Cherokee, Graham, Jackson, and Swain 

 Connties, are about 1,100 Cherokee Indians, 

 including a few Catawbas, who avoided trans- 

 portation to the Indian Territory when the 

 other Cherokees were removed. They have 

 lands and a tribal government of their own, 

 are farmers, and many of them members of the 

 Baptist Church. They intermarry considerably 

 with the whites, and do not increase in num- 

 bers. 



The population of North Carolina by coun- 

 ties, as finally returned by the census of 1880, 

 and as compared with the corresponding figures 

 for 1870, is as follows: 



NOXIOUS INSECTS AND PLANT PARA- 

 SITES. Recent observers have detected bac- 

 terial life in common fruit-tree diseases, and 

 have found experimental evidence connecting 

 the disease with the microphytic germs. Pro- 

 fessor T. J. Burril detected moving microscopic 

 objects in the juices of blighted pear-trees in 

 1877, which he afterward discovered to be bac- 

 teria. In 1880 he found similar organisms as- 

 sociated with the disease of apple-trees called 

 twig-blight. Drops of a whitish, viscid sub- 

 . stance, which after a while became brown, 

 oozing from diseased parts, were found to be 

 largely composed of the microphytes, which 

 were double or single ovoid bacteria, each about 

 001 millimetre thick, and -0015 millimetre long. 

 The starch-granules, which are abundant in 

 healthy cells, were absent in the infected tis- 



* In 1372, from part of Cherokee ; In 1874 boundary with 

 Yancey changed. 



t In 187-2, from part of Craven ; in 1874 and 1875. parts from 

 Beaufort ; in 1875 boundary with Craven changed. 



In 1875, from part of New Hanover. 



In 1871, from parts of Jackson and Macon. 



sues, and the products of their fermentation 

 were revealed by tests. The manner in which 

 the bacteria penetrate the cell-walls is proble- 

 matical. It must be in the germ form that 

 they pass from one cell to another. The germs 

 are not carried by the circulating sap, or water, 

 because the disease spreads evenly in all direc- 

 tions from its starting-point. 



Inoculation of healthy trees by puncturing 

 with a needle or knife-point dipped in the viscid 

 exudation led to the development of the disease, 

 in about half the cases, after ten or twelve days, 

 or longer. External applications of the virus 

 to the bark or leaves produced no effects. The 

 virus from the apple-blight produced the fire- 

 blight in pear-trees, and was more fatal in its 

 action than that from the pear- blight itself. 



By similar evidence the yellows in peach- 

 trees has been traced to micro-organisms. In 

 the cells of the infected shoots few starch-cells, 

 but a multitude of bacteria, are present. They 

 are of oval form, not much longer than wide, 

 and joined into straight rods. The Lombardy 



